Redevelopment at Federal Facilities: Reuse Snapshots
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EPA Region 1
BRUNSWICK NAVAL AIR STATION
The 3,100-acre Brunswick Naval Air Station Superfund site is located in Brunswick, Maine. After initially supporting a civilian airport, the U.S. Navy established Brunswick Naval Air Station during World War II. Wastes generated by the U.S. Navy as part of installation activities contaminated soil and groundwater. EPA placed the Brunswick Naval Air Station on the Superfund program’s National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Navy continues to conduct site investigations and cleanup activities.
Naval air station operations continued at the site until May 2011, when the air station was officially decommissioned. Today, the site supports a wide range of commercial, industrial, recreational, educational, ecological, military and residential uses as well as renewable energy projects. The site is home to Brunswick Landing, a mixed commercial and industrial development, as well as the Kate Furbish Preserve and Mere Creek Golf Club. The site is also home to neighborhoods, including converted former naval air station housing, colleges, schools and vocational training centers, and a general aviation airport. Housing has also expanded, with over 4,000 residents estimated to be living at the former base.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 122 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,754 people and generated an estimated $272,095,456 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
LORING AIR FORCE BASE
Located in Limestone, Maine, the roughly 9,000-acre Loring Air Force Base was a major Strategic Air Command (SAC) base for the U.S. Air Force for over 40 years, before its closing in 1994. The Base housed a bomber wing and had SAC’s largest capacity for weapons and fuel storage. Military operations contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. Cleanup included waste removal, excavations, landfill capping, institutional controls to prevent uncontrolled use and consumption of groundwater, provisional water supplies, long-term monitoring, and groundwater management zones. Some cleanup activities and investigations are ongoing.
The U.S. Air Force transferred the site to the Loring Development Authority, which worked with the U.S. Air Force and EPA to establish the Loring Commerce Centre, an industrial complex, aviation center and business park. Businesses and federal agencies in the commerce center provide employment and income for the surrounding community. Tax credit and exemption programs, such as the Job and Investment Tax Credit and the Research Expense Credit, offer additional incentives to potential new tenants. Redevelopment at the site serves as a success story for other Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) facilities. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service maintains the Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge, which provides space for recreation while protecting a diverse array of native wildlife habitats and species. The Loring Military Heritage Center is also located on site, preserving the history and legacy of Loring Air Force Base through education and museum exhibits.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 30 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 799 people and generated an estimated $6,974,770 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
FORT DEVENS
The 9,000-acre Fort Devens Superfund site, once a military base with extensive contamination, is now part of a large-scale redevelopment effort in central Massachusetts. Soil and groundwater contamination resulted from military activities at the site that started in 1917. In 1989, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). Of the 324 sites initially identified by the U.S. Army, 54 required further investigation. Most of these areas require no further action or have cleanup plans in place. Some cleanup activities and investigations are ongoing.
In 1994, the towns of Ayer, Harvard, Lancaster and Shirley, together with redevelopment authority MassDevelopment, developed the “Devens Reuse Plan”. The Plan devoted more than a third of Devens’ land area to open spaces and recreational areas. MassDevelopment has brought warehouses and distribution centers, manufacturing and industrial space, and research and development facilities to the site. Several federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Department of Labor, and the U.S. Department of Defense, have put almost 600 acres of the site back into beneficial use. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service used another 836 acres of the site to expand the Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge. The site also includes a Native American cultural center and residential properties, as well as the Shirley Meadows affordable apartments for seniors with supportive service for aging, which opened in 2020. While cleanup and investigations are ongoing, the successful partnership between EPA, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Army, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and MassDevelopment has contributed to increased employment opportunities as well as increased revenue for the local community. In 2021, two major developments are underway including $500 million 45-acre bio-manufacturing campus and $300 million 47-acre fusion energy research and manufacturing facility.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 129 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 4,471 people and generated an estimated $1,754,364,787 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
FORT DEVENS-SUDBURY TRAINING ANNEX
The 2,750-acre Fort Devens-Sudbury Training Annex Superfund site is a former U.S. Army military installation. It covers about 4 square miles and includes parts of the towns of Maynard, Stow, Hudson and Sudbury in eastern Massachusetts. Established in 1942, the installation served as an ammunition depot, ordnance test station, troop training and research area, and laboratory disposal area. EPA identified contamination from the use of pesticides and other chemicals on parts of the site.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. The U.S. Army worked with EPA to remove contaminated soil, cover an on-site landfill with a cap, remove underground storage tanks and monitor groundwater. EPA took the site off the NPL in 2002. In 2017, the U.S. Army began investigating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) after they were detected at Areas of Contamination A9 and P13. The U.S. Army will be submitting a remedial investigation work plan for these areas in fall 2023. It manages yearly monitoring and maintenance of AOC A7, a capped landfill, that remains under continued land use controls. Several entities own parts of the site.
In 2000, the U.S. Army transferred 2,230 acres of the site to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). It established the Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge on the land. In 2005, the USFWS finished constructing walking trails in the refuge. In 2008, it finished restoring Russell Bridge. In 2010, a visitor center and other park amenities opened at the refuge. The USFWS used green building techniques for the visitor center, which includes a geothermal heating system and solar panels. The refuge provides recreation opportunities, including hiking, canoeing, guided tours of the military bunkers on site, hunting and fishing.
The USFWS’s plans for the refuge include educational demonstration areas, restoration of on-site bunkers, an urban education area and a rail-to-trail project for the abandoned railroad on the south side of the refuge. The refuge receives about 75,000 visitors annually. In 2002, the U.S. Army transferred 4 acres to the U.S. Air Force. It runs a radar and weather station there. In 2003, the U.S. Army transferred about 72 acres of the site to the Federal Emergency Management Agency. It uses the land for its operations and training missions. It cleared 6 acres for use as a temporary antenna field.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 1 on-site business. This business employed 1 person and generated an estimated $107,030 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
HANSCOM FIELD/HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE
The 1,120-acre Hanscom Field/Hanscom Air Force Base (AFB) Superfund site is located in an industrial area of eastern Massachusetts. The site is in the towns of Bedford, Concord, Lexington and Lincoln. In 1942, the commonwealth of Massachusetts leased the Bedford airport to the War Department for use by the Army Air Forces. In February 1943, the airport was renamed Laurence G. Hanscom Field. Military flight operations at the site ended in 1973. In August 1974, the U.S. Air Force terminated its lease of the airfield portion of Hanscom Field, which reverted to state control, but retained the right to use the field. Military use of the site resulted in contamination of groundwater and subsurface soil with chlorinated solvents, jet fuel and other petroleum compounds. Site investigations identified 22 possible sources, including former fire training, disposal, underground storage tank and other spill sites.
Under state oversight before the site’s National Priorities List (NPL) listing in 1994, the Air Force completed interim remedial actions, including excavation of contaminated soil and underground storage tanks, and installation of a groundwater extraction and treatment system. The Air Force's cleanup plans, which are overseen by EPA, as documented in four Records of Decision issued between 2000 and 2007, includes continued operation of the groundwater treatment system, land use controls, and monitoring of groundwater and surface water. Some site investigations, including for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are ongoing. Today, the Massachusetts Port Authority operates L.G. Hanscom Field as a civilian airport. Hanscom AFB, an active U.S. Air Force installation, operates nearby.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on one on-site business. EPA did not have further economic details related to this business. For additional information click here.
MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY (USARMY)
The 48-acre Materials Technology Laboratory (USARMY) Superfund site, better known as the Arsenal, is located in Watertown, Massachusetts. In 1816, the U.S. Army began operations at the site; 10,000 people worked on the site by the end of World War II. The Army used the site for a variety of military- and war-related activities, including weapons and ammunition manufacturing and storage. In the 1960s, the U.S. Army used the site for nuclear reactor and molecular and atomic structure research activities. Wastes generated by the facility contaminated soil and groundwater at several areas across the site.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Cleanup removed contamination and demolished an on-site nuclear reactor. From 1996 to 2005, the Watertown Arsenal Development Corporation (WADC) helped redevelop 30 acres of the site. Harvard University bought the area and built a mixed-use complex called Arsenal on the Charles, which incorporates the style and architecture of the original brick buildings in the area. The complex includes stores, restaurants, a child-care facility, a fitness center, corporate offices and other businesses. The Arsenal Center for the Arts, also in the complex, is an important cultural asset in the community; it has a theater, gallery space, artists’ studios, and other resources and services. The Commander’s Mansion, a historic landmark, occupies a 7.2-acre area of the site; it provides space for meetings and formal functions. The popular Squibnocket Park is located on an 11-acre parcel along the Charles River; it provides biking and walking trails, as well as access to the Watertown Yacht Club, a privately owned marina since 1940. The U.S. Army restored wetlands along the Charles River. EPA deleted the site from the NPL in 2006; some cleanup activities are still ongoing.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 19 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 907 people and generated an estimated $190,064,757 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
OTIS AIR NATIONAL GUARD BASE/CAMP EDWARDS
The 22,000-acre Otis Air National Guard Base/Camp Edwards Superfund site is located on western Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. Also known as Joint Base Cape Cod (JBCC) (formerly known as Massachusetts Military Reservation until July 13, 2013), the site lies about 60 miles south of Boston and is immediately southeast of the Cape Cod Canal. Since its establishment in 1935, JBCC's primary mission has been to provide training and housing to U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army units. Historical chemical and fuel spills, fire training activities, and sewage treatment plant, landfill and drainage structure operations contaminated site soil and groundwater. Investigations in 1983 and 1984 found volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in on-site and nearby monitoring wells, as well as in several hundred private wells. Other site contaminants include heavy metals.
EPA listed the site on the National Priorities List (NPL) in November 1989. EPA documented the site cleanup plan in over 15 Records of Decision. Cleanup activities include installation of water supply lines to affected residents, installation of municipal water supply well treatment systems, treatment of 100,000 tons of soil, and construction and operation of many on-site and off-site groundwater treatment plants. Groundwater treatment systems currently operate on eight groundwater plumes. EPA has completed cleanups at 25 source areas. Cleanup of a few former plumes have been completed. Air Force has taken actions to address immediate risks from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater by providing bottled water, in-house drinking water treatment units, wellhead treatment, and connection of homes to public water supply. Investigations of PFAS and former military munitions sites are ongoing as long-term cleanup of contamination groundwater plumes continue.
The Barnstable County Correctional Facility, a jail with capacity for about 580 inmates, began operating on site in 2004. The Air Force installed three 1.5-megawatt wind turbines – one in 2009 and two in 2011 – to offset electrical costs for groundwater cleanup systems at the site. The Air Force estimates that the wind energy saves about $1.5 million a year in electricity costs. EPA’s plans enabled continued site operations during cleanup. Today, five major organizations use the site: 1) the Massachusetts Air National Guard (ANG) operates Camp Edwards; 2) the ANG/Massachusetts ANG operates Otis ANG Base; 3) the U.S. Air Force operates the Cape Cod Air Force Station; 4) the U.S. Coast Guard operates Air Station Cape Cod; and 5) the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs operates the Massachusetts National Cemetery.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 11 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 737 people. For additional information click here.
PEASE AIR FORCE BASE
The 4,000-acre former Pease Air Force Base is located in Rockingham County in the city of Portsmouth and the town of Newington, New Hampshire. From the 1950s until 1991, the U.S. Air Force (Air Force) used the facility to maintain military aircraft. Aircraft maintenance operations contaminated soil and groundwater with solvents and fuel.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. The Air Force continues to conduct investigations and is also operating two treatment systems for contaminated groundwater. In 1992, the Air Force transferred 1,702 acres of the site to the local government for use as a public airport. The Air Force kept 229 acres for the New Hampshire Air National Guard. The New Hampshire Department of Transportation leased 20 acres for a highway expansion project.
The Air Force also transferred 1,054 acres to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for creation of the Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge is a designated National Estuarine Research Reserve that supports ecological reuse, recreation, scientific study, and a community wildlife garden. In 1997, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service received another 1,300 acres from the Air Force. In 2000, the Pease Development Authority completed the Pease International Tradeport. In 2005, the Air Force transferred the remaining 268 acres of the site to the Pease Development Authority. Redevelopment of this area is ongoing. In 2015, EPA issued an Administrative Order to the U.S. Air Force under the Safe Drinking Water Act requiring the design and construction of two treatment systems to address groundwater contamination that impacted and threatened public and private well drinking water supplies while also expediting the investigation and cleanup of the emerging contaminants perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in the aquifer. Both groundwater treatment systems are operational and removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from extracted groundwater. The Air Force also financed a new drinking water treatment facility designed and constructed by the City of Portsmouth to treat PFAS-contaminated drinking water from the three Pease Tradeport supply wells. In early 2021, the Air Force began the remedial investigation under Superfund to determine the full nature and extent of these emerging contaminants in the Pease environment. Results of the remedial investigation (RI) will be used to assess potential remedial options that are required to address any unacceptable risks posed to human health and the environment. The assessment of remedial options will be detailed in a future feasibility study (FS).
The Pease International Tradeport is home to over 270 commercial and industrial businesses, education facilities and government offices. The site also supports Portsmouth International Airport, the New Hampshire Air National Guard and a golf course.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 216 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 6,590 people and generated an estimated $2,184,058,488 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
DAVISVILLE NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER
The former Davisville Naval Construction Battalion Center (Davisville NCBC), North Kingston, Rhode Island site is 18 miles south of Providence, Rhode Island. It includes 1,290 acres along Narragansett Bay. From 1951 to 1994, Davisville NCBC supported mobilization of naval construction forces. Operations and waste disposal practices at the site resulted in widespread soil and groundwater contamination. Operations also contaminated surface water in nearby Allen Harbor.
In 1989, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). Davisville NCBC was selected for closure during the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program. Operational closure took place on April 1, 1994. After its closure, various state entities managed and developed the former Davisville NCBC property. The property had three parts: the Main Site (about 846 acres), West Davisville (about 70 acres, located 1 mile from the Main Site) and Camp Fogarty (about 374 acres, located 4 miles west of the Main Site). To date, 1,127 of the 1,290 acres have been transferred or conveyed. In January 1993, the U.S. Navy transferred 374 acres to the U.S. Army for use in training the Rhode Island National Guard. About 445 acres, including the West Davisville parcel, were conveyed to the Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation (RIEDC) via negotiated sale through conveyances in 1998, 2000 and 2004.
Additional conveyances included 211 acres to the town of North Kingston in 2000 under a Public Benefit Conveyance (PBC) for parks and recreation purposes through the U.S. Department of the Interior’s National Park Service, and a 1-acre area to Bayside Family Healthcare in 1998 under a PBC for public health. RIEDC also received 96 acres under a PBC for port facility purposes through the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Maritime Administration in 1998. In July 2004, the Rhode Island General Assembly created the Quonset Development Corporation (QDC). The QDC is a special-purpose subsidiary of RIEDC, now known as Rhode Island Commerce Center (RICC), responsible for the development and management of the Quonset Business Park. In 2022, RICC plans to receive 75 acres under the ports PBC via the first of two conveyances. The remaining 88 acres will be conveyed at a later date.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 81 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,057 people and generated an estimated $317,571,254 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 2
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION TECHNICAL CENTER (USDOT)
The Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center (USDOT) Superfund site is 8 miles northwest of Atlantic City in southern New Jersey; most of the facility is in Egg Harbor Township. Site development started during the 1930s, when the Atlantic City Watershed, the city’s main water supply, was established there. In the 1940s, the Atlantic City Municipal Airport and a U.S. Naval Air Station were built on site. U.S. Navy and airport operations contaminated the site. In 1958, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) took over operations at the site. Airport operation operations on the site during the 1960s and 1970s involved resulted in site contamination. In 1984, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection found groundwater contamination at the site. The FAA conducted a facility-wide environmental assessment from 1987 to 1990. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. Cleanup activities include treating contaminated groundwater, soil, surface water and sediment. Cleanup is ongoing.
The site hosts the nation's premier federal aviation laboratory for advancing the United States National Airspace System and sustaining its continued safe and efficient operations. The site is also home to the New Jersey Air National Guard 177th Fighter Wing, the Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Lab, and the United States Coast Guard Group Air Station, Atlantic City. The site also hosts Atlantic City International Airport and the Atlantic City Reservoir. To support additional reuses at the site, the FAA and EPA regularly invites interested parties such as the New Jersey Air National Guard, the South Jersey Transit Authority and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority to attend Superfund site meetings. These meetings address cleanup and cover potential development plans as well as land use restrictions that ensure the protectiveness of the remedy.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 6 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 3,170 people and generated an estimated $12,420,707 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
MIDDLESEX SAMPLING PLANT
The 9.6-acre Middlesex Sampling Plant (MSP) site is in Middlesex, New Jersey. From 1943 to 1967, facilities sampled, stored, tested and transferred radioactive ores on site. These activities contaminated soil and groundwater. In 1980, the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) took over the management of the site. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1999 under the Federal Facilities program. From 1981 to 2008, USDOE led soil cleanup activities. The cleanup included removal and off-site disposal of contaminated soils. Soil cleanup was completed in 2010. Groundwater cleanup is ongoing. It includes monitoring, treatment and land use controls. The site is currently vacant. The borough of Middlesex plans to construct a new Department of Public Works on the property. A 7-foot chain-link fence surrounding the site restricts public access.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
PICATINNY ARSENAL (USARMY)
The Picatinny Arsenal Superfund site covers about 5,900 acres in Morris County, New Jersey. Beginning in the mid-1800s, Picatinny made artillery, ammunition, explosives and other weapons on site. These industrial activities and waste disposal practices contaminated surface water, groundwater, soil, sediment and game fish with hazardous chemicals. The cleanup removed or capped contaminated soils, put groundwater remedies in place, and put land use controls in place to limit the potential for exposure to hazardous waste. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in February 1990. The U.S. Army is leading ongoing cleanup activities and monitoring activities. EPA provides oversight. The site is part of the Installation Restoration Program, established by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 1978 to investigate and address the migration of hazardous contaminants at military and other DoD facilities.
Today, the area is an active weapons research and development facility. Picatinny Arsenal’s mission focuses on research development, life-cycle engineering, and support of other military weapons and weapon systems. The site hosts government-operated munitions research and development and ranges for munitions testing. It also includes housing, public service and recreation facilities, and several businesses. Soldiers, civilian employees and their families live and work on the site; children attend daycare and programs at base youth centers. Residents have access to a water park, an 18-hole golf course and a fitness center. Picatinny Arsenal generates part of the base’s power through a solar array on contaminated land that is covered with a cap. Over 1,200 acres of wetlands at the site provide habitat for wildlife.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY (USDOE)
The 5,265-acre Brookhaven National Laboratory (USDOE) Superfund site is in the town of Upton on Long Island in eastern New York. Originally a U.S. Army camp, the site became a facility for the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. The U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) owns the site. Past waste handling practices, accidental spills and releases resulted in sitewide contamination of groundwater, soil and sediments. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in November 1989. USDOE leads cleanup activities with EPA oversight. USDOE has removed and properly disposed of contaminated soil, removed contaminated storage tanks, and covered on-site landfills containing hazardous materials. USDOE also provided affected residents with new drinking water sources and put in a groundwater pump-and-treat system. As a precaution, USDOE stopped the operation of a High Flux Beam Reactor that created hazardous materials at the site. Cleanup is ongoing. Brookhaven National Laboratory remains active on site. Its operations include nuclear, biomedical and environmental research projects. Discovery Park, a new gateway to the laboratory, is under construction. It will include offices, housing and technical space. In 2011, Long Island Solar Farm, LLC opened a solar energy facility on site. The Upton Ecological Reserve is located on 530 acres of land on the eastern part of the site. Residential and agricultural uses are also on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 4 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 2,532 people and generated an estimated $21,802,460 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
GRIFFISS AIR FORCE BASE (11 AREAS)
The Griffiss Air Force Base (11 Areas) Superfund site covers 3,552 acres in the city of Rome in Oneida County, New York. From 1943 to 1995, the base was home to various Air Force operations, including the 416th Bombardment Wing of the Strategic Air Command. Base operations included procurement, storage, maintenance and shipping of war material. They also included research and development, and aircraft operations and maintenance. Waste storage, disposal and spills contaminated soil and groundwater with volatile organic compounds and other chemicals. The U.S. Department of Defense began environmental investigations at the site in 1981 as part of its Installation Restoration Program. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Air Force leads site investigation and cleanup activities. EPA and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation provide support and oversight.
Cleanup activities include pumping and treatment of contaminated groundwater, landfill capping, long-term monitoring, land use and institutional controls, and installation of mitigation systems to prevent contaminated vapors from entering buildings. Other groundwater cleanup activities include bioremediation using vegetable oil injected into the ground and monitoring of natural processes. In 2009, EPA deleted about 2,900 acres of the site from the NPL.
In the years since base closure, officials with the Griffiss Local Development Corporation and community members worked to find new uses for many areas of the former base. The Griffiss Business & Technology Park, which covers 3,500 acres of the former base, is now an economic hub for central New York state. The business and technology park is home to Griffiss International Airport, the Griffiss International Sculpture Garden, the Air Force Research Laboratory and commercial businesses focused on technology, manufacturing, aviation, office, education and recreation. An 84-unit apartment complex opened on site in 2020. The mixed-use complex includes housing and commercial space. In 2021, EPA recognized the efforts of site stakeholders with its National Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse Award.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 67 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 4,391 people and generated an estimated $570,637,449 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
PLATTSBURGH AIR FORCE BASE
The Plattsburgh Air Force Base site is in Plattsburgh, New York. It is on the shores of Lake Champlain. The 3,440-acre area served as a tactical wing in the Air Force Strategic Air Command starting in 1955. In 1991, it became an Air Refueling Wing under the Air Mobility Command. From 1955 to 1995, base activities included aircraft operations, testing and maintenance, firefighting exercises, munitions discharge, and landfilling. These operations created hazardous wastes. Spills and other waste releases contaminated site groundwater, soil, surface water and sediment. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. Cleanup began in the 1980s. It is nearly complete for all site areas.
The base closed under the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program in 1995. Part of the BRAC program involves transferring federal property to outside parties. Early in the process, EPA helped identify properties that the community could use without the need for cleanup, expediting their reuse. DoD completed the transfer of all former base property designated for community use. The old airfield is now Plattsburgh International Airport. The area around the airport hosts industrial and commercial uses. U.S. Oval Park and the Plattsburgh City Recreational Center are also on site. They offer football and soccer fields, tennis and basketball courts, and other community amenities. Nearby, the city of Plattsburgh finished its first green infrastructure project in 2015. The project, a bioswale and bioretention basin, reduces flooding in the area and serves as an educational resource.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 57 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 748 people and generated an estimated $83,384,341 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
SENECA ARMY DEPOT
The Seneca Army Depot Superfund site is in Romulus, New York. It covers 10,587 acres. The U.S. Army was active on site from 1941 to about 2000. During World War II, it had an ammunition supply facility on site. After the war, the facility’s mission shifted to ammunition storage, maintenance and disposal. From 1941 to 1974, household trash and depot refuse were burned in refuse burning pits on site. Improper disposal practices related to hazardous waste, sewage and other materials contaminated soil and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. EPA, the U.S. Army and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) identified 57 Solid Waste Management Units (SWMUs) where hazardous wastes had been handled and where releases to the environment may have occurred. Cleanup activities are managed by the U.S. Army. They include removing contaminated soil and sediments, treating groundwater, and capping landfill areas. Cleanup is ongoing. Current site uses include a state maximum security correctional facility and areas for New York State Police trainings and special events. The U.S. Army’s goal is to continue to release clean and cleaned-up site areas to the community for reuse. Future land uses at the site could include conservation areas and farming. There is also a wildlife management program on site managed by the Army Depot.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 3 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 841 people and generated an estimated $192,130 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 3
DOVER AIR FORCE BASE
The Dover Air Force Base (DAFB) Superfund site is in Kent County, Delaware, 3.5 miles southeast of Dover. DAFB includes about 4,000 acres of land, including annexes, easements, and leased property. The base opened in December 1941. The base used part of the site in the mid-1950s for disposal of general refuse, drums of waste solvents, and other shop wastes in four trenches. Some of the waste included pesticides. After disposal activities ended, operators covered the area with soil and seeded it with grass in the early 1960s. Environmental investigations at DAFB began in 1983. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in March 1989. Remedy construction took place between 1992 and 2015. Cleanup included soil removal and capping. Groundwater treatment includes the natural reduction of contaminants over time and the use of microbes. Land use controls prevent people from exposure to contaminated water in homes and public places. Progress in groundwater cleanup continues to be monitored. In 2014, PFAS was discovered in on-base groundwater and then in off-base private wells in concentrations exceeding the Health Advisory Level. Filtration systems have been installed on the affected private wells. PFAS investigations are ongoing.
The present host organization for DAFB is the 436th Airlift Wing, a part of the USAF Air Mobility Command. It provides global airlift capabilities, including transport of cargo, troops, equipment and relief supplies. It also hosts key partners, such as the Air Force Reserve's 512th Airlift Wing, Air Force Mortuary Affairs Operations (AFMAO), the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System (AFMES) and the Joint Personal Effects Depot (JPED). Service members and their families live, work and attend school on base. Members of the DAFB community have access to parks, playgrounds, athletic fields and walking trails. The base also includes a golf course and bowling alley. A local branch of the Boys and Girls Club of Delaware is in the DAFB Youth Center. It offers programming and recreation activities. Ecological uses include a few small ponds and some partially on-site rivers, streams and wetlands. A compatible use study for the base is ongoing and nearly complete. The major focuses of this study are affordable housing, opportunities for home and apartment rental, community and economic development, and infrastructure improvements for walking, biking and connecting with nearby wildlife areas.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on one on-site business. This business employed 5,994 people. For additional information click here.
WASHINGTON NAVY YARD
The Washington Navy Yard site covers 63 acres in southeast Washington, D.C. The Washington Navy Yard was established in 1799. It is the nation’s oldest naval shore facility. Ordnance production, research, heavy equipment manufacturing, and shipbuilding and repair all took place on site. Waste generated during ordnance production and other industrial processes contaminated structures, groundwater and soil. The U.S. Navy led an environmental investigation of Washington Navy Yard facilities in January 1997. EPA provided support and oversight. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List in July 1998.
To manage the cleanup, the U.S. Navy and EPA divided the site into 16 operable units. Remedial actions for soil included land use controls, soil excavation, long-term management, and training gardeners on how to handle materials that could contain lead safely. There was no remedial action for groundwater. Environmental investigations did not find an unacceptable risk to human health or ecological receptors in groundwater under current or potential future site uses. Site agencies have not yet selected all remedial actions for the site. Today, the Washington Navy Yard remains active. In addition to base activities, there are also two museums operated by the U.S. Navy and several parks on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 5 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 204 people and generated an estimated $3,264,165 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND (EDGEWOOD AREA)
The 13,000-acre Aberdeen Proving Ground (Edgewood Area) Superfund site is in Edgewood, Maryland, south of the Aberdeen Proving Ground (Michaelsville Landfill) site. The site includes Gunpowder Neck, Pooles Island, Carroll Island and Graces Quarters. Development and testing of chemical agent munitions took place at this federal facility site. From 1917 to the present, site activities have included conducting chemical research programs, manufacturing chemical agents, and testing, storage and disposal of toxic materials. Site activities contaminated soil, sediment, ground water and surface water with hazardous chemicals. EPA placed the site on the Superfund program’s National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. The U.S. Army, the lead agency at the site, is responsible for investigations and cleanups at the facility. EPA and the Maryland Department of the Environment provide oversight. Cleanup activities included a marsh biomonitoring program, pond sediment cover, wetland buffer and a groundwater treatment system.
The site remains in active military use, including the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Active-duty service members and their families live and work on base. There is a chapel, an elementary school, a restaurant and a medical center. Other site uses include recreation areas, including fitness centers, parks, athletic fields and campgrounds, and ecological conservation areas. The Harford Land Trust has 145 acres of protected undeveloped lake, tidal inlet, and woodlands near the Bush River, some of which is on the site. The U.S. Army has partnered with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and Critical Area Commission to manage the health of the site’s native forests. Extensive wetlands provide habitat for wildlife.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND (MICHAELSVILLE LANDFILL)
The 17,000-acre Aberdeen Proving Ground (Michaelsville Landfill) (APG) Superfund site is in Aberdeen, Maryland and is at the keystone of the Chesapeake Bay. The site includes the Michaelsville Landfill (MLF) and many known or suspected solid waste management units. The U.S. Army started a testing base on site in 1918. Base and landfill activities on the site contaminated soil, sediment, groundwater and surface water with hazardous chemicals. From the landfill’s closure in 1980 to 1989, county, state and federal agencies led site inspections. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. Cleanup took place from 1989 to 2001. It included groundwater treatment and monitoring, land use restrictions, landfill capping, and excavation of contaminated soil and sediment.
The U.S. Army continues to use APG. The site has its own newspaper, hospital, dentist office, a chapel and police department. About 18,000 people work, live, and attend school on site. There are numerous recreational activities and facilities, including parks, playgrounds, athletic fields, gyms, and a golf course. Multiple creeks run through the site and parts of the site are in the Hartford County Critical Area Program, which ensures the protection of Habitat Protection Areas such as colonial water bird nesting sites, riparian forested areas and other certain plant or wildlife habitats.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
ANDREWS AIR FORCE BASE
The 4,360-acre Andrews Air Force Base Superfund site is an active U.S. Department of Defense facility in Camp Springs, Maryland, about 5 miles southeast of Washington, D.C. The base opened in 1942. Activities at the site contaminated soil, sediment, surface water and groundwater with petroleum and hazardous chemicals. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in May 1999. Andrews Air Force Base later changed its name to Joint Base Andrews (JBA) Naval Air Facility Washington. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) and EPA signed a Federal Facility Agreement (FFA) to guide cleanup efforts in September 2011. USAF started environmental investigations at the site in 1985, under its Environmental Restoration Program. Long-term remedies have been selected for some site areas; investigations are still underway for other parts of the site. Completed cleanup activities to date include groundwater treatment and monitoring, land use controls, and capping of contaminated areas.
JBA remains an active USAF installation and is home to the presidential aircraft Air Force One. JBA supports worldwide airlift support operations for high-ranking domestic and foreign dignitaries and supports the flight operations of more than 100 aircraft. It includes runways and airfield areas, an industrial area, and housing and recreation facilities. Base activities include aircraft and wheeled vehicle storage, maintenance and servicing, office space, housing, open space and recreation areas. Service members live in neighborhoods on base. They and their families enjoy access to campgrounds, a disc golf course, fitness centers, a golf course, a movie theater, an outdoor recreation center, parks, a pool, soccer fields and running tracks. Ecological features on site include a lake and several streams.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 22 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 14,370 people and generated an estimated $13,786,087 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
CURTIS BAY COAST GUARD YARD
The 113-acre Curtis Bay Coast Guard Yard (the Yard) site is southeast of downtown Baltimore, Maryland. Starting in 1899, a U.S. Coast Guard training academy and boat repair facility operated on site. The Yard's main purpose today is to build, repair and renovate ships for the U.S. Coast Guard. Previous site activities included waste disposal and incineration, manufacturing, and ship repair and maintenance. These activities contaminated soil and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 2002. The site’s remedy included digging up and removing contaminated soil and treating the groundwater in different areas of the Yard. Groundwater monitoring is ongoing. The Yard has recreation facilities for use by military personnel and their families. These facilities include a gym as well as an outdoor pool, tennis courts, softball and baseball fields, and basketball courts. Steinbock Grove has picnic pavilions and other amenities for outdoor gatherings.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on one on-site business. This business employed 1,700 people and generated an estimated $100,000,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
FORT DETRICK AREA B GROUND WATER
The Fort Detrick Area B Ground Water (Fort Detrick) Superfund site is an active U.S. Army installation in Frederick, Maryland. Fort Detrick consists of three non-contiguous tracts of land – Area A, Area B and Area C. Area B Groundwater is the only part of Fort Detrick on the National Priorities List (NPL). Area B was the primary location of waste management activities for Fort Detrick. It includes a municipal landfill, an animal farm, a former skeet range, a former explosives storage area and former waste disposal/test areas associated with research activities. In 2008, tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) were detected in off-site drinking water wells. EPA added the Fort Detrick Area B Groundwater site to the NPL in 2008. The site’s remedial investigation started in 2010. Cleanup included the removal of contaminated soil, chemical containers, compressed gas cylinders and laboratory waste. Waste remains in place in other disposal areas on Area B.
The site remains an active biological research campus run by the U.S. Army Medical Command. In 2011, the Army selected Fort Detrick as a pilot site for renewable energy use. The 60,000-panel solar array generates enough electricity to power 2,720 homes per year. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 19,000 metric tons annually. Fort Detrick uses all of the energy produced by the array. Other federal site uses include a medical device testing facility and an Army Reserve Center. A river and small pond are also partially on site.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
FORT GEORGE G. MEADE
The Fort George G. Meade (FMMD) Superfund site occupies 13,596 acres of land in the northwest corner of Anne Arundel County, Maryland, about halfway between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland. FMMD has been a permanent U.S. Army installation since 1917. Site activities, including materials storage and waste disposal, contaminated wetlands, soil, sediment, surface water and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in July 1998. Remedies for parts of the sites include long-term groundwater monitoring, land use restrictions, sweeps for and proper disposal of unexploded ordnance, monitored natural attenuation of groundwater contamination, removal of source area soil, and injections to treat contaminated groundwater.
Today, several military branches use FMMD for intelligence, information and cyber operations. FMMD is the largest employer in Maryland. Continued uses at the site include commercial, federal and residential areas. Service members, civilian employees, contractors and their families live, work and go to school on site. Community members have access to parks, playgrounds, athletic fields and other recreation opportunities. The Fort George G. Meade Museum preserves the site’s history, while the National Cryptologic Museum helps visitors learn about the facility’s current mission. South of the military installation, Tipton Airport is an active private airfield and hosts a local recreational flying club. About 8,100 acres south of the airport transferred from FMMD to the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1991, as part of the Base Realignment and Closure mandate. That parcel was added as the North Tract to the Patuxent Research Refuge, a wildlife area established in 1936. The refuge includes 13,000 acres of forest, meadows and wetlands, trails, a visitor center and wildlife habitat. Hunting and fishing take place seasonally on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 31 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 64,456 people and generated an estimated $19,229,137 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
INDIAN HEAD NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER
The Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC Indian Head) Superfund site is in Indian Head, Maryland. The site is a military facility consisting of the Main Area on the Cornwallis Neck Peninsula and the Stump Neck Annex. The Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center opened in 1890 as the Naval Proving Ground. The facility tested explosives and propellants. Manufacturing, testing, loading and assembly operations at the site generated explosive, reactive and hazardous wastes. Operators put some of these waste products in pits and landfills at the facility or burned them on open burning grounds. These and other site activities contaminated soil and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in September 1995. A December 2000 Federal Facilities Agreement (FFA) among EPA, the state of Maryland and the U.S. Navy identified areas for investigation and possible cleanup. Cleanup activities include placement of soil covers with vegetation, long-term monitoring of groundwater and landfill excavation. They also include land use controls, removal of munitions and explosives of concern, and zero valent iron remediation treatment.
NSWC Indian Head is the Navy’s oldest active ordnance station. Military uses include operations and training, maintenance and utilities, research, development, and testing and evaluation, explosives storage, supply and non-explosives storage, administration, community facilities and services, housing, and open space. The base also hosts a center for the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s National Public Warning System, the communications system that shares vital emergency information with the public. Service members and their families live, work and attend school in several on-base communities. Residents enjoy access to athletic fields, playgrounds, a community center and an aquatics center. The limited commercial uses on site include a credit union and a department store. Ecological uses on the site include a creek, some small streams and wetlands.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 5 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 2,445 people and generated an estimated $738,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
PATUXENT RIVER NAVAL AIR STATION
The Patuxent River Naval Air Station (PAX) site is in Lexington Park, St. Mary’s County, Maryland. It is at the confluence of the Patuxent River and the Chesapeake Bay, on a peninsula known as Cedar Point. Since its commissioning in 1943, PAX has provided support for flight test operations, research and development testing, air and ground test evaluations, aircraft logistics, and maintenance management for U.S. Navy aviation and other branches of the armed services. PAX operated landfills and other historical disposal areas. These areas released hazardous chemicals that contaminated soil, sediment, groundwater and surface water. Environmental cleanup started in 1984 and EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. EPA and the U.S. Navy signed a Federal Facilities Agreement for the site in 2000.
Cleanup activities include landfill capping, soil removal, placement of soil covers and groundwater monitoring. This site continues to host a large naval air force base with military employees, federal employees and contractors. The U.S. Navy is the largest employer in the community. Several base housing subdivisions are on site. Businesses, mainly restaurants, are also on site. Other site uses include recreation facilities such as playgrounds, picnic pavilions, sports fields and courts, community event spaces, and a golf course. Community members enjoy access to on-base beaches and campgrounds.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 11 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 20,051 people and generated an estimated $2,698,214 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
LETTERKENNY ARMY DEPOT (PDO AREA)
The Letterkenny Army Depot (PDO Area) is one of two Superfund sites on the Letterkenny Army Depot (LEAD) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. LEAD originally covered 19,243 acres. LEAD opened in 1942 for ammunition storage. Its mission later expanded to include testing and maintenance of tracked vehicles and missiles, storage and transportation of industrial chemicals and petroleum, and storage, maintenance and demilitarization of ammunition. Historical releases contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment with hazardous substances. The U.S. Army began environmental investigations at the site in the early 1980s. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. The U.S. Army is responsible for site investigations and cleanup. Cleanup activities include monitoring of natural processes to clean up groundwater and streams and land use controls.
Most of LEAD remains an active military installation. The U.S. Army transferred or plans to transfer 1,133 acres of land to the Letterkenny Industrial Development Authority (LIDA). LIDA developed the Cumberland Valley Business Park on part of the site. The U.S. Army also leases part of the site for agricultural activities. Open land in the PDO Area includes large groves of secondary-growth deciduous forest and wetlands. It also includes maintained grassy areas, vegetated natural and manmade drainageways, a manmade lake, and fallow fields. An animal shelter, a sanitary sewer treatment plant, a county jail, a chapel and recreation areas are also on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 11 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 96 people and generated an estimated $74,763,650 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
LETTERKENNY ARMY DEPOT (SE AREA)
The Letterkenny Army Depot (SE Area) is one of two Superfund sites on the Letterkenny Army Depot (LEAD) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. LEAD originally covered 19,243 acres. LEAD opened in 1942 for ammunition storage. Its mission later expanded to include testing and maintenance of tracked vehicles and missiles, storage and transportation of industrial chemicals and petroleum, and storage, maintenance and demilitarization of ammunition. Historical releases contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment with hazardous substances. The U.S. Army began environmental investigations at the site in the early 1980s. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Army is responsible for site investigations and cleanup. Cleanup activities include removal, treatment and capping of contaminated soils, enhanced bioremediation of groundwater and monitoring of natural processes to clean up groundwater. They also include cleaning and abandonment of sewer and drain lines, land use controls and additional measures to prevent contaminated vapors from entering buildings.
Most of LEAD remains an active military installation. The U.S. Army transferred or plans to transfer 1,133 acres of land to the Letterkenny Industrial Development Authority (LIDA). LIDA developed the Cumberland Valley Business Park on part of the site. The business park includes commercial and industrial businesses and is accessible by rail. The Franklin County Emergency Management office and Franklin County jail are also on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 35 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 3,726 people and generated an estimated $45,990,368 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NAVAL AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER (8 WASTE AREAS)
The Naval Air Development Center (8 Waste Areas) site covers 840 acres in Warminster Township and Ivyland Borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The site hosted research, development and testing activities for naval aircraft systems starting in 1944. Operators placed solvents, sludges and other wastes from aircraft repair and maintenance, pest control, firefighting training, and other research and laboratory testing activities in pits, trenches and landfills on site. These wastes contaminated site groundwater, soils, sediment and surface water. It was renamed the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) in 1993.
After sampling by EPA and the U.S. Navy found site contamination, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. Cleanup by the U.S. Navy included pumping and treatment of contaminated groundwater, excavation and removal of soil, and removal of waste from eight disposal trenches. Today, the base is in reuse. Managed by the Bucks County Federal Lands Reuse Authority, it hosts commercial and industrial uses. The NAWC hosts an industrial park, a housing development, an emergency response center and a senior housing complex. Two parks are on site. They offer sports fields and courts, a playground, a dog park, trails and picnic areas.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 89 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 2,844 people and generated an estimated $414,478,647 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NAVY SHIPS PARTS CONTROL CENTER
The 824-acre Navy Ships Parts Control Center Superfund site, also known as Naval Support Activity (NSA) Mechanicsburg, is in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. The Naval Inventory Control Point (NAVICP) facility on-site provided global management of repair parts for U.S. Navy ships during the 1940s. In the early 1950s, NAVICP became a temporary repository for a variety of metal ores received as war repatriations. Historical operations and past waste disposal activities contaminated soil, sediment and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. EPA, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the U.S. Navy manage the cleanup. The site’s remedy includes removal of contaminated soil and sediment, treatment of groundwater, and land use controls. NAS Mechanicsburg is an active military base. The Base provides support services to U.S. Navy units and on-site residents.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 1 on-site business. This business employed 3,000 people. For additional information click here.
TOBYHANNA ARMY DEPOT
The 1,293-acre Tobyhanna Army Depot Superfund site is in Tobyhanna, Pennsylvania. A training and artillery range was on site from 1909 to 1949. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) built an electronics maintenance facility on site in the 1950s. Waste handled on site included garbage, construction rubble, scrap metal, unexploded ordnance, drums and solvents. Improper disposal practices contaminated groundwater, soil, and sediments. The U.S. Army found volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an on-site drinking water well in 1981. Sampling of nearby residential wells found more VOC contamination. The U.S. Army provided affected residents with another water source. Further investigations confirmed that waste disposal activities contaminated site soil and groundwater with VOCs. In 1990, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). Cleanup activities included the excavation of contaminated soil and sediment, natural attenuation of contamination in groundwater, institutional controls and long-term groundwater monitoring. Remedy construction finished in 2000. EPA took the site off the NPL in 2001. The remedy was compatible with base activities. The U.S. Army’s Communications-Electronics Command operates a communications-electronics maintenance and supply facility on site. It is the largest communications-electronics overhaul facility in the U.S. Army. The facility is a recognized leader in providing world-class logistics support for command, control, communications, computers, cyber, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance systems. A radar testing facility was also built on several acres of once-contaminated land at the site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 1 on-site business. This business employed 3,200 people. For additional information click here.
USN PHILA NAVAL SHIPYARD
The US Navy Philadelphia Naval Shipyard site is located 4 miles south of downtown Philadelphia in southeast Pennsylvania. It covers 1,455 acres – 348 acres are the former Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. The remaining acreage is the Philadelphia Naval Base. The naval shipyard, established in 1801, was the nation’s first government-owned shipyard. The shipyard operated for 120 years. It launched about 50 warships and repaired over 1,200 ships. The Girard Point Management Area (GPMA) of the site is located northwest of the shipyard. Historically, it treated, stored and disposed of solid wastes from the Philadelphia Naval Base. Industrial activities at the shipyard contaminated soil and groundwater.
The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program closed the Philadelphia Naval Base in 1991. It closed the shipyard in 1995, except for a few remaining support facilities. The U.S. Navy was the lead enforcement agency. EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection provided support and oversight. Site assessment and cleanup began in 1991. A Girard Point Management Plan came together in 1995. The remedy for the GPMA included source control and containment. Cleanup actions included excavation and landfilling of soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). They also included dechlorination of any remaining PCB-contaminated soil. The U.S. Navy completed all response actions required to support the transfer and reuse of the former naval complex.
In 2000, the Philadelphia Authority for Industrial Development acquired 1,000 acres of the site on behalf of the city of Philadelphia. The city then contracted with PIDC, a public-private economic development corporation founded by the city and the Chamber of Commerce for Greater Philadelphia, to create a mixed-use campus at the Navy Yard. Today, the area hosts a waterfront development with office complexes, industrial facilities, research laboratories, rooftop solar arrays and historic buildings. It also includes a 35-megawatt microgrid.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 4 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 2,819 people and generated an estimated $592,260 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
WILLOW GROVE NAVAL AIR AND AIR RESERVE STATION
The Willow Grove Naval Air and Air Reserve Station Superfund site is in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Aircraft operations at the site began during the 1920s. The U.S. Navy acquired the airfield in 1942. It began jet training there in 1949. In 1957, the U.S. Department of Defense purchased more land, and the site area increased to over 1,088 acres, including 161.7 acres deeded to the United States Air Force (Willow Grove Air Reserve Station). Past activities such as landfilling, fire training exercises, use of radio luminescent devices and material storage resulted in releases that contaminated soil, surface water, sediment and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1995. Cleanup included excavation and disposal of contaminated soils and groundwater treatment. The Navy portion of the site closed in 2005 under the Base Realignment and Closure Act. It ceased operations in 2011. The Navy and Air Force continue to sample and treat contamination on site. In 2022, the Navy placed protective soil caps over two former landfills on site.
Today, 200 acres of the site are in continued military use as an Air National Guard Base. The Horsham Land Redevelopment Authority (HLRA) manages redevelopment of the site. The HRLA Willow Grove Redevelopment Plan calls for a town center, 1,500 residential units, 1.8 million square feet of commercial uses (including a hotel and conference center), and a range of other uses, including a regional recreation center, a school, a historical aviation museum, and parks and open space.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 2 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,065 people and generated an estimated $49,910 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
DEFENSE GENERAL SUPPLY CENTER (DLA)
The Defense General Supply Center (DLA) Superfund site covers 640 acres in Chesterfield County, Virginia. The Defense Supply Center Richmond (DSCR) has been active on-site since 1941. Past operations include aviation equipment manufacturing and repair, firefighter training, and the use and storage of hazardous materials. Improper disposal of waste material in the 1960s and early 1970s contaminated soil, sediment and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. Cleanup began in 1993. The remedy included the removal of contaminated soil, construction of soil and asphalt covers for contaminated areas, treatment of groundwater, and land use restrictions. Cleanup of several groundwater areas is ongoing. Long-term monitoring and maintenance activities take place annually. The Defense Logistics Agency continues to operate DSCR on-site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 3 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 3,700 people. For additional information click here.
FORT EUSTIS (US ARMY)
The 8,248-acre Fort Eustis (US Army) site is in Newport News, Virginia, on a peninsula formed by the Warwick River and the James River. The installation opened during World War I as a training center for Coast Artillery Corps units and a balloonist school. U.S. armed forces and federal agencies have used Fort Eustis as a federal correction camp, a Works Progress Administration facility, a National Youth Administration facility, a bombing range, an anti-aircraft training ground, a prisoner-of-war camp and a transportation training center. Hazardous chemical spills related to site activities contaminated soil, sediment, surface water and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in December 1994. Fort Eustis is now a part of Joint Base Langley-Eustis (JBLE-Eustis). EPA, the U.S. Air Force and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality partnered on site investigations and cleanup. Long-term cleanup includes landfill capping, vegetation monitoring, excavation and disposal of contaminated sludge, soil and sediment, construction of a stormwater retention pond, and institutional controls.
The cantonment area of JBLE-Eustis in the northwest part of the installation includes many land uses, transportation systems and infrastructure. It includes administrative offices, community facilities, military family housing, bachelor housing, barracks, industrial facilities, and maintenance, medical, research, supply/storage, recreation, and training areas. Major land uses on Mulberry Island, a separate peninsula, include an active airfield, a 27-hole golf course, training and maneuver areas, and firing ranges. Ecological areas on site include creeks, lakes and wetlands. Two rivers run next to and partially overlap with the site. The site also provides habitat for several threatened and endangered species such as the northern long-eared bat, the little brown bat, the tricolored bat and the Atlantic sturgeon. About 31 acres of the site now host pollinator and early successional habitat, increasing biodiversity and reducing the effects of invasive vegetation. The site also offers a variety of outdoor recreation uses such as athletic fields and hiking trails as well as opportunities for hunting and fishing. In June 2022, Balfour Beatty Communities and ENGIE Services U.S. completed an estimated $12 million in energy efficiency upgrades for over 1,000 homes at Fort Eustis and Fort Story. The improvements reduce the carbon footprint of housing installations by over 2,000 metric tons while improving comfort, minimizing mechanical outages, and reducing maintenance and operation costs.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 15 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 9,224 people and generated an estimated $6,355,302 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
LANGLEY AIR FORCE BASE/NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
The Langley Air Force Base/NASA Langley Research Center (LAFB/NASA LaRC) site is in Hampton, Virginia. It includes two federal facilities. LAFB is a 3,152-acre research center and airfield. It is the U.S. Air Force’s oldest continuously active base in the United States. NASA LaRC is a 787-acre research facility. LAFB runways split the facility into an East Area and a West Area. Activities on both parts of the site contaminated soil, groundwater, sediment and fish with hazardous chemicals. Sampling found over 40 possible areas of contamination, also known as operable units (OUs). EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. EPA has cleanup plans in place for most site OUs. Cleanup activities include soil removal and replacement, covering of areas with soil, revegetation, dewatering and disposal, dredging and capping. Cleanup began in 1999. It is ongoing.
LAFB is an active military base. It supports thousands of U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army and civilian personnel. NASA LaRC is the second-largest employer on site. It runs nearly 200 facilities. A steam plant serving NASA and the greater Hampton area is in the West Area. Restaurants, a bank and other businesses are on site. A library and post office are also on site. Recreation options on site for base personnel include golf courses, sports fields and courts, and a community center. Several parks are on site; Langley Marina provides boating access for base personnel.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 19 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 12,602 people and generated an estimated $9,534,717 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
MARINE CORPS COMBAT DEVELOPMENT COMMAND
The Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC) site covers about 56,000 acres in Virginia, 30 miles south of Washington, D.C. This site is also known as Marine Corps Base – Quantico (MCBQ). The base has two sections: the Mainside Area (a highly developed area) and the Guad Area (combined training areas). MCCDC has served as training grounds for the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) since 1917. MCCDC activities included the use and disposal of hazardous materials and petroleum products. These and other site activities contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and sediments. In 1992, sampling by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality found polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on site. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Cleanup has included removal of sediment from drainage channels, shoreline protection and construction of wetlands on the southern part of the site, land use controls, dredging and off-site waste disposal, and monitored natural recovery.
Today, the site is in continued use as an active military installation and shared federal facility. The Marine Corps University system and affiliated schools continue a legacy of USMC training and education that stretches back to World War I. The FBI and DEA also have training academies at the site. The National Museum of the Marine Corps shares the USMC’s history with the public and honors Marines’ sacrifices and accomplishments. As part of base infrastructure, the USMC runs several renewable energy projects on site, including solar arrays and mobile electric vehicle chargers. Marines and their families live in several neighborhoods and children attend school on base. The town of Quantico, located on site, offers restaurants and other services. Base residents also have access to many recreation opportunities. Miles of trails in the Mainside Area are open for walking, biking and riding horses. The Quantico Marina offers water sports programs and river access for fishing and boating. Active-duty and retired military personnel and civilians participate in seasonal hunting at MCCDC each year. The vast acreage at MCCDC also provides habitat for wildlife. Bald eagles and blue herons nest at the Chopawamsic Creek wetland, a state-designated Special Natural Area.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 41 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 13,266 people and generated an estimated $15,182,195 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NAVAL AMPHIBIOUS BASE LITTLE CREEK
The 2,215-acre Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Superfund site is in Virginia Beach, Virginia, near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Operations on site started in 1946. They included vehicle and boat maintenance, mixing and application of pesticides, and laundry and dry cleaning. Wastes from these operations, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, paints, solvents, acids and bases, were put in landfills across the site, resulting in soil, sediment, surface water and groundwater contamination. A 1984 study by the U.S. Navy found the contamination. The Navy conducted field investigations from 1986 to 1994 characterized the nature and extent of site contamination. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1999. Between 2006 and 2015, cleanup activities included soil and sediment excavation and disposal and bioremediation. Long-term groundwater monitoring is ongoing.
Today, the site remains an active base. Beginning in 2005, the Navy in partnership with the EPA and Virginia Department of Environmental Quality transformed 1.2 acres of a former landfill into vegetated tidal wetlands, nature trails and a wildlife observation platform. Additionally, two landfills have been reclaimed for use as the Eagle Haven Golf Course driving range, a recreational baseball field and for military combat exercises. There are several marinas in Little Creek Harbor. People also use the harbor for sport fishing. The site is also in residential use.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 16 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 14,263 people and generated an estimated $40,469,795 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER - DAHLGREN
The 4,300-acre Naval Surface Warfare Center – Dahlgren Superfund site is about 40 miles south of Washington, D.C., on the Potomac River, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay. Established in 1918, the Center is a research, development and testing facility for the U.S. Navy. Mishandling of chemical wastes and pesticides, industrial landfills, and buried ordnance contaminated site soils, sediments and groundwater. About 6,900 people relied on site groundwater for drinking water. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1992. The U.S. Navy worked with EPA on cleanup plans. Cleanup includes removing radioactive materials, buried munitions and contaminated soils, and capping a consolidated landfill. The cleanup also reestablished and reconstructed tidal wetlands. Site investigations and cleanup are ongoing. The site remains in active military use. There are more than 500 structures on site. Current activities include administration, research and development, housing and community support, air operations, and ordnance testing. Ecological areas at the site include a creek, a pond and wetlands. Recreational uses at the site include an aquatic center, a bowling alley, a fitness center, a theater and a yacht club.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 10 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 11,197 people and generated an estimated $12,731,206 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NORFOLK NAVAL SHIPYARD
The Norfolk Naval Shipyard is in Portsmouth, Virginia. It is next to the southern branch of the Elizabeth River and Paradise Creek near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The shipyard is the oldest continuously operated shipyard in the United States. A merchant shipyard under British rule started operating on site in 1767. After the Revolutionary War, the U.S. government operated the shipyard. It served as an overhaul and repair facility after World War II. Shipyard operations and disposal practices contaminated soil, sediment, surface water and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. Sampling by the U.S. Navy during the 1980s found the contamination. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1999. Cleanup began in 2004. It included soil capping, marsh excavation and restoration, and land use restrictions. Investigations to address on site groundwater contamination are ongoing. Today, the U.S. Navy continues to operate on site. The shipyard provides logistics support for ships and service craft. Services include metal forming, repair and installation of mechanical equipment, metal fabrication, and plating and painting operations. A naval fitness center on site provides indoor and outdoor courts and facilities, classes, locker rooms and personal training services. Parks and wetlands are also on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 4 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 10,019 people and generated an estimated $744,813 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NWS YORKTOWN - CHEATHAM ANNEX
NWS Yorktown – Cheatham Annex (CAX) Superfund site is in York County, Virginia. CAX covers 2,300 acres across two parcels along the York River. Past operations, including mine production and storage and munition loading plants, contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment with hazardous and explosive chemicals. The U.S. Navy published an Initial Assessment Report in 1984 that identified 12 potentially contaminated sites. Further investigation confirmed contamination on site. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 2000, primarily due to the facility’s proximity to wetlands and the potential impact on the surrounding environment and human health. Cleanup has included excavation and disposal of contaminated soils, shoreline restoration and installation of Geotubes, containers made with a specially engineered textile that catches fine solids inside, while allowing water to permeate through.
Today, CAX’s mission includes supplying Atlantic Fleet ships and providing recreation opportunities for military and civilian personnel. The installation also supports the Yorktown community with award-winning fire and emergency medical teams. The Cheatham Annex Campground & RV Park offers tent camping, RV sites and cabins close to the York River. Interpretive signs along trails share information about local plants and animals. Visitors enjoy kayaking on Cheatham Lake, swimming at a pool and playing on the 18-hole golf course at the site. Commercial uses on site include a restaurant and hotel. The CAX pier used for base operations is now open for saltwater fishing. Natural resources at CAX are managed under the NWS Yorktown Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan, which won the 2021 Secretary of Defense Environmental Award. Under this plan, NWS Yorktown partnered with the Virginia Institute of Marine Science to construct oyster habitat along parts of the base’s shoreline.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 2 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 25 people and generated an estimated $2,030,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
ST. JULIENS CREEK ANNEX (U.S. NAVY)
The St. Juliens Creek Annex (U.S. Navy) Superfund site (SJCA) is a 490-acre facility at the confluence of St. Juliens Creek and the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River in Chesapeake, Virginia. St. Juliens Creek Annex (SJCA) opened as a naval facility in 1849. Site activities included general ordnance operations involving wartime transfer of ammunitions to other naval facilities across the United States and abroad. SJCA has also provided non-ordnance services, including degreasing, firefighter training, and storage of oil and chemicals. In 1975, all ordnance operations transferred to Naval Weapons Station Yorktown. Transfer included decontamination of ordnance-handling facilities at SJCA in 1977. Visual inspections and tests after decontamination found low concentrations of ordnance materials remained in some buildings. Waste burning, pesticide and herbicide disposal, and ordnance waste and rinse waters may also have created residues. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in July 2000. The U.S. Navy, EPA and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality signed a Federal Facility Agreement (FFA) in July 2004. Cleanup has included soil excavation and backfilling with clean soil, soil covers, sediment removal, a groundwater dechlorination process, groundwater monitoring, and land use controls to protect people from exposure to contamination. Remedy construction finished in 2016.
SJCA’s current mission is to provide a radar-testing range, administrative and warehousing structures, and industrial facilities for the nearby Norfolk Naval Shipyard and other naval activities in the area. A Navy cryogenics school and naval offices related to logistics, warfare systems and undersea warfare are also on site. Local little league teams play baseball, softball and t-ball at a six-field complex at the site. In 2021, the National Environmental Education Foundation’s National Public Lands Day Department of Defense Award recognized a tree-planting project at the complex for its commitment to the workforce, community and environment. Parts of the base remain undeveloped. They include grassy, wooded and wetland areas.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on one on-site business. This business employed 700 people. For additional information click here.
ALLEGANY BALLISTICS LABORATORY (USNAVY)
The Alleghany Ballistics Laboratory (USNAVY) Superfund site is in northeast West Virginia, about 10 miles southwest of Cumberland, Maryland. The U.S. Army built a loading plant for machine gun ammunition on site in 1942; the U.S. Navy took over the facility in 1945. Since 1943, the facility has been in use for the research, development, production and testing of solid propellants and motors for ammunition, rockets and armaments. Site activities resulted in contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment. EPA added the Site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Site investigations and cleanup are ongoing. Cleanup activities include treatment and monitoring of soil and groundwater, well recovery, and landfill management. Current site uses include three plants that make tactical propulsion systems and composite and metal structures. The U.S. Navy operates one of the plants, while the other 2 are operated by private Navy contractors.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 2 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,799 people and generated an estimated $439,285,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 4
ALABAMA ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
The 5,170-acre Alabama Army Ammunition Plant (AAAP) Superfund site is in Childersburg, Alabama. A government-owned, contractor-operated facility made acids and powder explosives at the site during World War II. Facility operators dumped spent acids into unlined ditches on site. In 1945, the federal government leased parts of the property to several companies, including the Tennessee Copper Corporation, the Beaunit Corporation and the Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation. These companies continued making chemical products on site. The U.S. Army inspected parts of the AAAP in 1978 and reported visible contamination of soil and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in July 1987. Cleanup took place between 1994 and 1997. It removed and treated 120,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil and filled excavated areas with fresh soil. In 2000 and 2001, the Army put in 20 new groundwater monitoring wells. Groundwater cleanup is ongoing.
Today, privately owned parts of the plant’s former storage area are in use for logging and hunting and as a wildlife preserve. In 2003, the Army transferred the former manufacturing area to the Childersburg Local Redevelopment Authority to use for several purposes, including industrial, commercial and recreational uses and wildlife habitat. On-site industrial processes include cinder block manufacturing, oil refining, plastic fabrication, steel fabrication and water treatment chemical manufacturing. Other uses on site include cemeteries, a daycare center, an elementary school, an upholstery cleaning service, a veterinary clinic, a gun club and a water treatment plant. Ecological areas on site include creeks, lakes and wetlands.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 15 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 369 people and generated an estimated $109,070,780 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
USARMY/NASA REDSTONE ARSENAL
The U.S. Army/NASA Redstone Arsenal Superfund site is an active installation that encompasses 38,300 acres of land southwest of Huntsville, Alabama. The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge (WNWR) are on site. The Tennessee River is directly south of the site. RSA opened in the early 1940s. Its operations focused on the production and disposal of conventional and chemical munitions. Site activities included the disposal of construction debris, drums, and chemical munitions, and open burning of combustible materials. These activities contaminated soil, sediment, groundwater and surface water. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Cleanup activities at RSA include removals of pipelines, sewers, soils and sediment. EPA took the former Industrial Waste Treatment Facility and part of MSFC off the NPL in 2020 after finding the areas did not require further cleanup.
Redstone Arsenal remains an active Army installation. MSFC is also in continued operation as one of NASA’s largest field centers. Recreation areas on site include basketball courts, a golf course, baseball fields and trails. Ecological resources at the site include WNWR and its rivers and creeks, ponds and wetlands. The refuge attracts thousands of wintering waterfowl and cranes each year, including the endangered whooping crane. There are also several residential areas on site. Commercial uses on site include a hotel.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 44 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 47,845 people and generated an estimated $977,246,780 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
HOMESTEAD AIR FORCE BASE
The 2,000-acre Homestead Air Force Base Superfund site (now known as Homestead Air Reserve Base, or HARB) is in southeastern Miami-Dade County, Florida. It is 5 miles east of Homestead and 2 miles west of Biscayne Bay. In 1941 and 1942, Dade County ran a commercial pilot training field on site. In 1942, the War Department acquired the airfield. It trained pilots to transport aircraft overseas during World War II. The U.S. Army deactivated the site in 1945. Property ownership and maintenance responsibilities transferred to the Dade County Port Authority. From 1945 to 1953, the Authority used the runway for crop dusters and transportation aircraft delivering agricultural products. Hangars and buildings hosted commercial and light industrial operations. In 1953, the federal government reacquired and reactivated the site as a military facility in 1956. The U.S. Air Force used it as an air base for bomber and aerial refueling aircraft and fighter jets.
The operation and maintenance of aircraft and ground support equipment and the installation’s facility maintenance activities generated a variety of wastes. They included waste paints, paint thinners, pesticides, solvents, waste oils, waste gasoline and hydraulic fluids. Operations disposed of most of the hazardous wastes on site, resulting in the contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List in 1990. The U.S. Air Force leads site investigation and cleanup activities. EPA and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection provide support and regulatory oversight. Cleanup activities include soil and sediment excavation, monitoring of groundwater, surface water and sediment, installation of sediment control structures, engineering controls, capping of soil and sediment, and land use controls. The U.S. Air Force has completed all planned environmental investigation and cleanup actions, and continues to monitor groundwater in order to implement land use controls.
In 1993, the U.S. Department of Defense deactivated the airbase after extensive hurricane damage. In 1994, the U.S. Air Force took possession of two thirds of the former base property civilian use. The remaining area of the base transferred to the Air Force Reserve Command for use as an Air Reserve Station. In 2003, the site was established as an Air Reserve Base along with five federal military tenants and one state tenant, the Florida Air National Guard. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection owns part of the site property. Several federal military and state security organizations lease facilities on site. Other site uses include schools with athletic fields and playgrounds.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 14 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 3,360 people and generated an estimated $33,189,911 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
PENSACOLA NAVAL AIR STATION
The Pensacola Naval Air Station Superfund site, also known as NAS Pensacola, is an active U.S. Navy installation. It is a few miles southwest of Pensacola in western Florida. U.S. Navy operations at the site began in 1825, when the federal government built a naval yard on Pensacola Bay. In 1914, the naval yard became home to the U.S. Navy’s first permanent air station. Since that time, NAS Pensacola has served as the primary training base for naval aviators and is currently the winter home of the Blue Angels. Base operations and maintenance activities generated a variety of wastes, including oils and solvents, paints, electroplating wastes, radium paint wastes and insecticides. These materials contaminated soil, sediments, groundwater and surface water. Under the U.S. Department of Defense’s Environmental Restoration Program, the U.S. Navy has been investigating and cleaning up the site. EPA and the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation provide oversight. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. Cleanup activities include removing contaminated soil and monitoring natural processes to clean up groundwater. Cleanup is ongoing. Current land uses at NAS Pensacola include military housing and training and support facilities as well as a large industrial complex for the repair and refurbishment of aircraft engines and frames. The site also includes community uses such as a post office, a commissary, clubs and a base exchange. Recreation areas on-site include 18-hole golf courses, marinas, campgrounds and athletic facilities. The western end of the installation includes an airfield (Forrest Sherman Field) and undeveloped forest.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 19 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 23,743 people and generated an estimated $57,447,767 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
USN AIR STATION CECIL FIELD
The USN Air Station Cecil Field Superfund site is near Jacksonville, Florida. Before its closure in 1999, NAS Cecil Field was a jet base. Base activities included fuel storage, aircraft maintenance, engine repair and turbojet engine testing. Maintenance activities generated a variety of waste materials. They included municipal solid waste, wastewater treatment plant sludge, paints, solvents, oil and petroleum wastes, industrial wastes and waste pesticides. Investigations found widespread soil and groundwater contamination. In 1989, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL).
A team of agencies investigates site conditions and cleans up the site. The team is called the Cecil Field Base Realignment and Closure Cleanup Team, or BCT. Current cleanup actions include long-term monitoring of creek sediments and surface water, natural attenuation, soil excavation and off-site disposal, and groundwater treatment. Since 1999, the U.S. Navy has transferred 17,042 of the base’s 17,225 acres to local authorities for redevelopment. These authorities include the Jacksonville Airport Authority, the city of Jacksonville, and the city’s Parks and Recreation Office. Cecil Commerce Center and Cecil Airport are now located at Cecil Field. Cecil Commerce Center is home to a Florida State College at Jacksonville campus. Boeing, Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, SAFT America, Inc., FlightStar Aircraft Services and several federal agencies are among the center’s tenants. The center provides the community with more than 4,700 jobs and an expanded tax base.
The city of Jacksonville acquired more than 4,000 acres of the northern part of Cecil Commerce Center for recreational use. Uses planned for this area include hiking and horseback riding trails, and areas for camping, hunting and fishing. This area is also a small part of a larger natural wildlife preservation corridor. The corridor connects Jennings State Forest in Clay County with Cary State Forest. About 900 acres of this area are part of the Cecil Recreation Complex. This facility includes several sports fields and complexes, playgrounds, open space, a community center, a park maintenance facility and the Jacksonville Equestrian Center. The Fiddlers Green golf course is also open for public use. The BCT will transfer the remaining few acres of the base to the city after cleanup work is complete. The BCT continues to work with local authorities to support the reuse of properties at the base. In 2019, EPA presented its second annual National Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse Award to site stakeholders in recognition of exemplary work transforming the site into a successful commercial and industrial space.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 36 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 4,330 people and generated an estimated $1,079,442,135 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
WHITING FIELD NAVAL AIR STATION
The Whiting Field Naval Air Station Superfund site is 6 miles north of Milton and 25 miles northeast of Pensacola in western Florida. It covers 3,842 acres. Whiting Field Naval Air Station opened in July 1943 as a naval aviation training facility. Past waste handling practices resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products, pesticides and used solvents. Through the early 1980s, operators disposed of construction and demolition debris, garbage, waste solvents and oils, tank bottom sludges, and fuels and machine fluids at different locations at the installation. After the U.S. Navy investigated contamination at the facility, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Cleanup activities include treatment and removal of contaminated soil and land use controls for areas where contamination remains in place. Investigations and cleanup are ongoing. Today, site facilities continue to provide aircraft and helicopter training for U.S. Navy personnel. It is the busiest naval air station in the world, accounting for nearly one million annual flight operations, including primary flight training of about 1,200 students each year. Whiting Field Naval Air Station supports over 3,000 military-related jobs.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 2 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 3,225 people and generated an estimated $282,190 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
CAMP LEJEUNE MILITARY RES. (USNAVY)
The Camp Lejeune Military Reservation site covers more than 156,000 acres in Onslow County, North Carolina. U.S. Marine Corps Base (MCB) Camp Lejeune comprises the majority of the site, and the Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) New River is located in the northwestern area of the site. Camp Lejeune is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and bisected by the New River which discharges to the Atlantic Ocean. The U.S. Marine Corps uses the facility for military training, logistical support and housing. In addition to military operations, site uses include commercial businesses and the Camp Lejeune School District.
Past operations, storage and disposal practices resulted in soil and groundwater contamination. From 1953 to 1957, contamination in drinking water affected an unknown number of people working and living on the base which resulted in an increased risk of several cancers and other ailments. In 1981, the U.S. Navy initiated environmental investigations and cleanup programs under the Navy Assessment and Control of Installation Pollutants (NACIP) Program. In 1986, the investigations and cleanup continued under the Installation Restoration Program (IRP). EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. EPA, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (now NCDEQ), and the U.S. Navy signed a Federal Facilities Agreement in 1991.
The U.S. Marine Corps, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Mid-Atlantic, EPA and NCDEQ manage cleanup activities across 34 operable units (OUs). Cleanup activities for soil and groundwater include soil excavation, permeable reactive barriers, electrical resistance heating of the subsurface, soil mixing with zero valent iron to treat source areas, air-sparging with horizontal wells, enhanced reductive dechlorination by injecting emulsified vegetable oil, in-situ chemical oxidation by injecting strong oxidizers into the subsurface, monitored natural attenuation, and land use control. These cleanup methods have proven to be highly effective in reducing contamination in source areas and remediating soil and groundwater at the site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 62 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 49,494 people and generated an estimated $24,797,426 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
CHERRY POINT MARINE CORPS AIR STATION
The 13,164-acre Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station site is in Havelock, North Carolina. A U.S. Marine Corps installation opened on site in 1942. It remains active today. Installation operations resulted in groundwater, soil, sediment and surface water contamination. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Investigations and cleanup activities focus on nine areas. EPA refers to these areas as operable units (OUs). The OUs cover sizable parts of the site and contain one or more specific areas of contamination. The U.S. Navy leads site investigation and cleanup activities. EPA and the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources provide support and oversight. Cleanup includes groundwater and soil treatment and groundwater monitoring. Many of the areas have been cleaned up. Monitoring is no longer required.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 13 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 18,347 people and generated an estimated $2,220,379 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
PARRIS ISLAND MARINE CORPS RECRUIT DEPOT
The Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MCRD) Superfund site is located on Parris Island and several smaller islands, about 4 miles south of the city of Beaufort in South Carolina. The facility covers more than 8,000 acres, including more than 4,000 acres of salt marsh and tidal streams. MCRD has been a U.S. Marine Corps training facility since 1915. The site has 55 sites identified for possible investigation and cleanup. The sites include former spill areas and active landfills containing contaminated groundwater, soil and sediment. The U.S. Navy, the U.S. Marine Corps, EPA, and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control have worked together on MCRD facility cleanup activities since the 1990s. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. The MCRD has 18 operable units (OUs). Cleanup actions have been completed at several OUs and have included digging up surface debris, soil and sediment and disposing of the material off site. Additional investigations are ongoing and more cleanup actions will be taken if needed. MCRD remains an active military base and training center. The site is also in continued residential and commercial use. Recreational uses are also on site – parks, pools and beaches. People fish in nearby waters. The surrounding area is also a wildlife habitat for many threatened and endangered birds and fish, such as the southern bald eagle, the wood stork, the Eskimo curlew and the short-nosed sturgeon. The Star Juice Concentrator Field, a solar power array installed on site in 2015, has reduced MCRD’s utility energy demand by 75% and its water consumption by 25%.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 12 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 6,178 people and generated an estimated $1,802,963 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (USDOE)
The Savannah River (USDOE) Superfund site includes about 310 square miles of land along the Savannah River near Aiken, South Carolina. A nuclear weapons fabrication plant was built on site in the early 1950s. The main buildings contained reactors, chemical separation plants and waste management facilities. In 1981, the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) found contamination on site. Studies identified contaminated groundwater, surface water, soils and former disposal areas. In 1988, nuclear materials production at the site ended. In November 1989, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). USDOE, with EPA and South Carolina as regulators, leads site investigations and cleanup activities. USDOE has treated billions of gallons of groundwater and removed over one million pounds of contaminants. USDOE contracts with Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC to manage the site. The Savannah River (USDOE) site is the first site in the nation to completely close nuclear weapons materials production reactors under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Remedial efforts at the site are ongoing.
The U.S. Forest Service manages about 90% of the site property. This mostly forested area includes pine plantations, wetlands, lakes and rivers. The Crackerneck Wildlife Management Area and Ecological Reserve is partially on site to the west. Industrial uses cover the remaining land area. In 2008, Ameresco, Inc. developed a 20-megawatt biomass project at the site. The project provides steam and helps power on-site operations. Site stakeholders are seeking to use site properties as they become available. The U.S. Department of Defense uses closed reactor areas and an area near the Savannah River for training related to operations, maintenance and radiation control of the nuclear program. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security used a former industrial area for research. Future uses may include a solar farm.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 12 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 11,510 people and generated an estimated $511,807,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
MEMPHIS DEFENSE DEPOT (DLA)
The Memphis Defense Depot (DLA) covers 632 acres in a mixed residential, commercial and industrial area of Memphis, Tennessee. From 1942 to 1997, a U.S. military warehousing and distribution center operated on site. The Depot consisted of two adjacent areas: the Main Installation and Dunn Field. The Main Installation included open storage space, warehouses, military housing and recreation areas. Dunn Field, covering about 60 acres, was an open storage and waste burial area. Depot operations, spills and waste disposal activities contaminated soil and groundwater with hazardous substances. In 1989, local utility companies closed three drinking water wells due to contamination. This led EPA to investigate the site.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1992. The U.S. Department of Defense leads investigation and cleanup activities at the site. EPA and the Tennessee Department of Environmental Conservation provide oversight and support. Cleanup activities for the Main Installation included removal and off-site disposal of contaminated soil and waste, deed restrictions and site controls, groundwater treatment using biological processes to break down contamination, and long-term monitoring. Cleanup activities for Dunn Field included removal and off-site disposal of contaminated soil and waste, and soil vapor extraction to treat subsurface soils. Cleanup also included groundwater treatment using zero valent iron and air sparge/soil vapor extraction, monitoring of natural processes to cleanup groundwater, and institutional controls.
Most of the site is now in reuse after transfer of the property to new owners. The site is home to the Memphis Depot Industrial Park. This large-scale industrial park includes 43 buildings and spans more than 4.2 million square feet. Commercial warehousing and light manufacturing uses are also on site. The former installation is also home to a police station, a homeless shelter for veterans and a golf course.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 21 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 648 people and generated an estimated $159,571,456 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
MILAN ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
The Milan Army Ammunition Plant Superfund site covers about 22,000 acres southeast of the city of Milan in western Tennessee. The military installation opened in 1942 for wartime production and storage of fuses, boosters and ammunition. Past waste disposal practices contaminated soil and groundwater with explosives. In 1978, the U.S. Army found contamination in three of the installation’s water supply wells. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Army leads site investigation and cleanup activities. EPA and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation provide support and regulatory oversight. Cleanup activities include installation of new municipal water supply wells, pumping and treatment of contaminated groundwater, and monitoring of natural processes to clean up groundwater. Cleanup also includes soil removal and treatment, capping, and land use controls. The Milan Army Ammunition Plant remains active. Current site uses include commercial storage of munitions, maintenance of the installation, and agricultural leasing for grazing and crop production.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on one on-site business. This business employed 22 people. For additional information click here.
OAK RIDGE RESERVATION (USDOE)
The Oak Ridge Reservation (USDOE) site is in Oak Ridge in Anderson and Roane counties in Tennessee, about 20 miles west of Knoxville. The site includes three facilities. One facility is the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP), formerly known as the K-25 Site or the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. The second facility is the Y-12 National Security Complex, formerly known as the Y-12 Plant. The third facility is the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), formerly known as the X-10 Site. These industrial production facilities were part of the World War II-era Manhattan Project. Decades of site operations resulted in widespread area contamination. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989.
EPA has worked closely with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) throughout the cleanup process. The project team has demolished facilities, disposed of legacy waste, and cleaned up soil and some groundwater sources of contamination. In 1996, DOE and the Oak Ridge community officially launched ETTP’s reindustrialization program. Through the program, as cleanups have finished, DOE transfers hundreds of acres to the Community Reuse Organization of East Tennessee (CROET) and the city of Oak Ridge to create two industrial parks (the Heritage Center and the Horizon Center). The program is now a model for DOE’s reindustrialization efforts across the country. More than 20 businesses operate at ETTP. CROET and the city of Oak Ridge continue to work together on redevelopment efforts at ETTP. The organizations have built spec buildings to attract businesses and put in three solar arrays to provide low-cost renewable energy to building tenants. They also supported the designation of the footprint of the demolished K-25 Building, as well as portions of the Y-12 National Security Complex and ORNL, as part of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park. A 7,500-square-foot center dedicated to the history of the K-25 site stands beside the original K-25 building foundation. The New Hope Visitor Center at the Y-12 National Security Complex allows visitors to explore the history of the Y-12 Plant.
To date, more than 720 acres of land and 332,000 square feet of building space have been made available for new economic development. These efforts have resulted in an estimated $100 million private investment in technology, industry and renewables. In addition to the Oak Ridge Reservation’s Wildlife Management Area, about 3,000 acres of ETTP are now under conservation easement, preserving the area’s natural resources. CROET also restored large parts of ETTP as greenlands and wetlands. Activities include reintroducing native grasslands to over 100 acres, building trails and protecting significant bird habitat. They also include establishing a certified wildlife habitat and arboretum, and opening previously restricted natural areas to the public. During ongoing cleanup efforts, DOE continues to use other areas of the site for mission-related work.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 68 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 15,603 people and generated an estimated $731,905,312 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 5
JOLIET ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT (LOAD-ASSEMBLY-PACKING AREA)
The Joliet Army Ammunition Plant (Load-Assembly-Packing area) (JOAAP LAP area) site covers 22 square miles of land in Will County, Illinois. It is one of two Superfund sites associated with the former JOAAP facility. This facility was a munitions production area built during World War II. Activities at the LAP area included the loading, assembly and packaging of munitions. The area included munitions filling and assembly lines, storage areas and a demilitarization area. Waste disposal practices contaminated soil and groundwater with explosives, metals and other chemicals. Production at the JOAAP facility ended in 1977. The U.S. Department of Defense first investigated the site in 1978 under its Installation Restoration Program. The investigations identified many waste disposal areas.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. The U.S. Army leads site investigation and cleanup activities. EPA and Illinois EPA provide support and oversight. Cleanup activities include removal of contaminated soil and wastes, with treatment or off-site disposal of the material. Cleanup also includes capping of landfills, monitoring of natural processes to cleanup groundwater, and institutional controls to limit land and groundwater use.
The Illinois Land Conservation Act of 1995 enabled the U.S. Army to transfer parts of the JOAAP property to federal, local and state parties. From 1997 to 2005, the U.S. Army transferred 17,629 acres to the U.S. Forest Service. The U.S. Forest Service used the land to create the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, which covers parts of the JOAAP LAP area and the adjacent JOAAP (Manufacturing Area) Superfund site. The Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie provides recreational, educational and agricultural opportunities for the community and habitat for native wildlife. In 2002, the U.S. Army transferred 455 acres of the LAP area to Will County for use as a municipal landfill. The Prairie View Landfill opened in 2004. In 2010, Will County built a 4.8-megawatt gas-to-electricity (GTE) plant at the landfill. The plant converts methane gas from decomposing landfill wastes into electricity. The site is also home to a transportation company and a worker training center. In 2019, EPA recognized site stakeholders with one of its first National Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse awards. These awards celebrate the hard work, innovative thinking and cooperation among federal agencies, states and local partners that encourage restoration of federal sites for beneficial reuses.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 4 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 151 people and generated an estimated $98,127,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
JOLIET ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT (MANUFACTURING AREA)
The Joliet Army Ammunition Plant (Manufacturing Area) (JOAAP MFG area) site covers about 15 square miles of land in Will County, Illinois. It is one of two Superfund sites associated with the former JOAAP facility. This munitions production facility was built during World War II. From the early 1940s through 1977, the facility made chemicals for munitions, propellants and explosives. Waste disposal activities from these processes contaminated soil and groundwater with explosives, metals and other chemicals. The U.S. Department of Defense first investigated the site in 1978 under its Installation Restoration Program. The investigations identified many waste disposal areas.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. The U.S. Army leads site investigation and cleanup activities. EPA and Illinois EPA provide support and oversight. Cleanup activities include removal of contaminated soil and wastes, with treatment or off-site disposal of the material. Cleanup also includes capping of landfills, monitoring of natural processes to cleanup groundwater, and institutional controls to limit land and groundwater use.
The Illinois Land Conservation Act of 1995 enabled the U.S. Army to transfer parts of the JOAAP property to federal, local and state parties. From 1997 to 2005, the U.S. Army transferred 17,629 acres to the U.S. Forest Service. The U.S. Forest Service used the land to create the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, which covers parts of the JOAAP MFG area and the adjacent JOAAP (Load-Assembly-Packing area) Superfund site. The Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie provides recreational, educational and agricultural opportunities for the community and habitat for native wildlife. The public land area on site is the largest contiguous open space for bird habitat in northeast Illinois. It provides habitat for endangered species.
The U.S. Army also transferred about 1,000 acres of the site to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for the Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery. The VA dedicated the cemetery in 1999. From 2000 to 2003, the U.S. Army transferred part of the site for the development of an industrial park. The 6,400-acre CenterPoint Intermodel Center opened in 2010. It includes an intermodal rail facility, global retailers, logistics providers and product distributors. In 2019, EPA recognized site stakeholders with one of its first National Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse awards. These awards celebrate the hard work, innovative thinking and cooperation among federal agencies, states, local partners and developers that encourage restoration of federal sites for beneficial reuses.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 17 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 296 people and generated an estimated $131,231,872 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
SANGAMO ELECTRIC DUMP/CRAB ORCHARD NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE (USDOI)
The Sangamo Electric Dump/Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge (USDOI) Superfund site is in Williamson Country, Illinois. It covers about 43,500 acres. Beginning in the early 1940s, the Department of Defense (DOD) and other industrial tenants made munitions on site. These activities contaminated soil and groundwater. In the late 1970s, the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), EPA and Illinois EPA found chemicals and heavy metals in soils. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service leads the cleanup. EPA provides oversight. Cleanup includes excavation, treatment and disposal of contaminated soil and sediments, institutional controls, and environmental monitoring and maintenance. Cleanup planning and construction for some areas are ongoing.
The site is in the Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge and is primarily in ecological reuse. It includes features such as Crab Orchard Lake, Wolf Creek and Bluegill Pond. Some of the lakes and ponds are used for recreational fishing and boating. Trails cross the refuge. Habitats include oak hickory upland forest, bottomland hardwood forest, cropland, grazing units, brushland and prairie. Deer, foxes, mice, migratory birds, and the state and federally protected Indiana bat visit the site. The Pigeon Creek Environmental Education Complex is also on site. The complex is a collaboration between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the state of Illinois to provide environmental education programs for area schools, free of charge. Activities include seasonal wildlife viewing activities customized for different age groups. Friends of Crab Orchard Refuge is a non-profit volunteer organization dedicated to enhancing the use of the refuge for wildlife conservation, recreation, agriculture and industry. USP Marion, a medium-security U.S. penitentiary with an adjacent minimum security satellite camp, is located in the southeast corner of the site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 5 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 609 people and generated an estimated $77,542,970 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
SAVANNA ARMY DEPOT ACTIVITY
The 13,062-acre Savanna Army Depot Activity (SVDA) Superfund site is in Carroll and Jo Daviess counties in Illinois. The site lies on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, about 7 miles north of Savanna. From 1917 to 1995, the U.S. Army used the property for artillery weapons and ammunition testing. It also used the property for the storage of ordnance and the loading and renovating of shells and bombs. The U.S. Army used several areas for demolition, burning of obsolete ordnance and waste disposal. Site operations contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment.
The U.S. Army and the U.S. Department of Defense lead site investigation and cleanup activities. EPA and Illinois Environmental Protection Agency provide support and oversight. In 2003, the U.S. Army transferred 3,000 acres of the site to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to become part of the Upper Mississippi Valley Wildlife and Fish Refuge. The U.S. Army transferred more land in 2004. The refuge includes 9,000 acres of the site. The U.S. Army also transferred parts of the industrial area to the Local Redevelopment Authority (LRA). After cleanup, the U.S. Army will transfer more site areas to the LRA for industrial and commercial development. The U.S. Army will also transfer more of the site to the Upper Mississippi Valley Wildlife and Fish Refuge. Site investigations are ongoing.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 12 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 164 people and generated an estimated $58,143,854 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NAVAL INDUSTRIAL RESERVE ORDNANCE PLANT
The Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant (NIROP) Superfund site covers about 83 acres near the Mississippi River in the city of Fridley, Minnesota. Starting in 1940, the U.S. Navy and its contractors made advanced weapons systems at the facility. Historical leaks, spills and disposal of industrial wastes on site contaminated soil and groundwater. In 1981, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) found contamination in on-site groundwater wells and in the city of Minneapolis’ drinking water treatment plant intake pipe in the Mississippi River downstream of the site. In 1983, the U.S. Navy investigated soils and removed contaminated soil and drums of waste material. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in November 1989. In 1990, EPA selected the remedy of pumping and treating groundwater to remove contamination. Cleanup activities also included removal of more waste materials, long-term monitoring and land use controls.
After cleanup, EPA deleted parts of the site from the NPL in 2014 and 2018. A developer bought the site and surrounding properties in March 2012. The developer turned the site into an industrial park. Construction work for redevelopment included vapor mitigation measures to prevent contaminated vapors from entering the buildings. The Northern Stacks Industrial Park opened in 2014. It is home to commercial and industrial businesses. The industrial park focuses on industrial distribution and office/warehouse facilities. A brewery opened on site in 2019. In October 2019, EPA Region 5 presented regional reuse awards to MPCA, the U.S. Navy and the developer recognizing their efforts to support the beneficial reuse of the site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 15 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,149 people and generated an estimated $403,602,881 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NEW BRIGHTON/ARDEN HILLS/TCAAP (USARMY)
The New Brighton/Arden Hills/TCAAP site is in the northern part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in Minnesota. The site includes the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP) area, which covers about 4 square miles. It also includes parts of surrounding communities affected by contaminants from former plant operations. Ammunition manufacturing operations dumped waste at 14 areas at the TCAAP between 1941 and 1981. These operations contaminated soil, sediment and groundwater. In 1981, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and the Minnesota Department of Health found contamination in the drinking water of nearby communities. Sampling identified the potential sources of contamination in the early 1980s. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List in 1983. Plant operations finished in 2005. The U.S. Army is responsible for cleaning up the site. The MPCA and EPA provide support and oversight. The remedy includes groundwater treatment and soil cleanup and removal. Groundwater treatment is ongoing. Some areas require more investigation of soil contamination for potential cleanup.
The Minnesota Army National Guard uses part of the site for training purposes. The city of Arden Hills and Ramsey County proposed redevelopment of a 427-acre part of the site for commercial, industrial, residential, public service and recreational uses, including a town center and a trail system. A solar array would provide renewable energy for the development. The site hosts significant natural resources, including a forest, glacial hills and mounds, a prairie complex, wetlands, a lake and a creek. State and local efforts support wildlife management and habitat protection on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 5 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 194 people and generated an estimated $7,070,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
FEED MATERIALS PRODUCTION CENTER (USDOE)
The 1,050-acre Fernald Feed Materials Production Center (USDOE) Superfund site is located just north of Fernald, Ohio, 18 miles northwest of Cincinnati. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Fernald built and operated facilities at the site. The Fernald Site was the U.S government’s principal uranium processing facility supplying material for the nuclear weapons program from 1951 to 1989. Uranium processing activities contaminated site soil, surface water and groundwater. In 1986, DOE entered into a Federal Facilities Compliance Agreement with EPA that required site investigations. Operations at the site ended in 1989. The same year, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). The site’s production mission formally ended as cleanup began. Cleanup included excavation and off-site disposal of contaminated material, and demolition of site structures. It also included disposal and stabilization of materials with cement, and groundwater extraction and treatment. Parties completed cleanup activities in 2006 at a cost of $4.4 billion. Groundwater treatment is ongoing. DOE issued a draft Natural Resources Restoration Plan for the site and an Environmental Assessment on the Final Land Use of the Fernald Closure Project in 1998. Restoration began during cleanup. Integration of remedial actions with environmental restoration projects resulted in an innovative and cost-effective cleanup. The restoration transformed the site into a publicly accessible ecological preserve. Wetlands, prairie and forest ecosystems provide wildlife habitat. Education exhibits tell the story of the site’s history, cleanup and ongoing restoration. DOE activities restored more than 900 acres for ecological use and public access to 7.4 miles of walking trails. The site also hosts a recently renovated visitor center. It achieved the U.S. Green Building Council’s certification for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The center provides opportunities for the public to learn about past site operations, contamination, remediation and restoration, and long-term monitoring and maintenance activities. In 2019, EPA recognized the site with its National Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse Award in the NPL category. A delegation from the Japanese Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation (NDF) visited the Fernald Preserve in July 2022. The NFD is currently involved in the response to the Fukushima Nuclear disaster and believes that the Fernald Site is a good example of remedial response of radioactive material leading to long-term stewardship and the determination of future use and end state of a site. A delegation from the Japanese Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation (NDF) visited the Fernald Preserve in July 2022. The NFD is currently involved in the response to the Fukushima Nuclear disaster and believes that the Fernald Site is a good example of remedial response of radioactive material leading to long-term stewardship and the determination of future use and end state of a site.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
MOUND PLANT (USDOE)
The Mound Plant (USDOE) Superfund site is a 305-acre area in Miamisburg, Ohio. From 1948 to 2003, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, a predecessor to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), ran an integrated research, development and production facility on site. The facility supported the nation’s weapons and energy programs. A DOE testing and restoration program found site activities contaminated soil, groundwater, surface water and buildings. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. Cleanup finished in 2010. It included the excavation of a former landfill and the removal of buildings, slabs, soils, underground tanks and lines. Groundwater treatment and monitoring are ongoing. On-site groundwater use and soil removal are restricted.
DOE led site investigations and cleanup. EPA and Ohio EPA provided support and oversight. DOE manages long-term stewardship activities at the site. The site’s remedy is compatible with commercial and industrial uses, and the Mound Development Corporation (MDC) was established to support the development of a business park on site. Today, the site supports commercial and industrial businesses as well as a county dispatch center. There is also a small solar array on site. At the Mound Cold War Discovery Center, visitors explore the site’s history, from the once top-secret work that took place at the site through to environmental cleanup and legacy management activities.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 18 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 317 people and generated an estimated $25,466,018 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 6
LONGHORN ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
The 8,416-acre Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant (LHAAP) is located between State Highway 43 and Caddo Lake in Karnack, Texas. The facility operated from 1942 to 1997. It made 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), rocket motors and pyrotechnic items. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. In 1991, after approval of a Federal Facility Agreement, the U.S. Army began environmental investigations and cleanup actions. EPA and the state provide support and oversight. Cleanup includes operation of the installation’s groundwater treatment system.
The U.S. Army declared the LHAAP as excess property in 1997. From 1998 to 2001, all property and buildings were liquidated, demolished, or both. In 2002, the U.S. Army’s Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Division began managing LHAAP as excess property. In 2000, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) approved establishment of the Caddo Lake National Wildlife Refuge on LHAAP. In April 2004, the U.S. Army and FWS entered into a Memorandum of Agreement. It laid out the transfer process for LHAAP acreage. The U.S. Army has since transferred 7,200 out of 8,416 acres to FWS for the Caddo Lake National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge has been open to the public since September 2009. It includes a wildlife education center. FWS also uses the refuge for research.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on one on-site business. EPA did not have further economic details related to this business. For additional information click here.
PANTEX PLANT (USDOE)
The Pantex Plant (USDOE) Superfund site occupies about 16,000 acres in Carson County, Texas. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) owns about 10,000 of these acres. Texas Tech University owns the other 6,000 acres. From 1942 to 1945, the plant was an Army Ordnance Corps facility. DOE and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) began nuclear operations at the plant in 1951. Plant operations contaminated soil and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. In the late 1980s, DOE’s Office of Environmental Management started the Environmental Restoration Project at the Pantex Plant. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Cleanup included groundwater pumping and treatment, in-place bioremediation of soil, and removal of highly contaminated soil from the site. Remedy construction finished in 2009. Long-term monitoring will ensure continued improvement of site conditions and the remedy’s effectiveness. The site sits atop the Ogallala Aquifer, the primary source of drinking and irrigation water in the region. The long-term groundwater monitoring program includes contingency planning for future response actions for the Ogallala Aquifer if contaminants in perched groundwater affect the aquifer.
Several areas on site remain in use. Current operations include the development, testing and fabrication of high explosive components, and nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly. They also include interim storage of plutonium and weapon components, component surveillance, and staging and support for other plant functions. A Fire Training Area is still in partial use for Pantex Fire Department training exercises. The NNSA Production Office (NPO), in consultation with the Texas State Historic Preservation Office, evaluated two archeological sites at the Pantex Plant. NPO found that the sites are potentially eligible for inclusion on the National Register. The sites will be protected and monitored until a final eligibility determination. In 2014, NNSA completed construction of a wind farm on site. The Pantex Renewable Energy Project (PREP) is a 1,500-acre wind farm consisting of five 2.3-megawatt turbines that generate about 11.5 megawatts of power, or about 47 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. The facility reduces the Pantex Plant’s fossil fuel needs by up to 60%. EPA presented the Pantex Plant with its Region 6 Greenovations Award for innovative reuse. The PREP is the nation’s largest federally owned wind farm. Site uses also include several agricultural tracts where crops such as wheat, sorghum, soybeans and corn are grown.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 7
FORT RILEY
The 100,656-acre Fort Riley Superfund site is in northeast Kansas. It includes parts of Clay, Geary and Riley counties. The U.S. Army base opened in 1853. Investigations in the 1970s and 1980s found actual and potential releases of hazardous substances. Landfills, open burning and detonation range areas, incinerators, military munitions response program sites, specialty shops (printing, dry cleaning and furniture) and pesticide storage facilities resulted in the contamination of groundwater and soils. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. The Army, EPA, and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment finalized a Federal Facility Agreement for the site’s cleanup in June 1991. Cleanup activities are ongoing. They include groundwater treatment, land use restrictions, monitoring, and excavation and disposal and treatment of soils. Fort Riley hosts soldiers and families of the 1st Infantry Division. The U.S. Army continues to use the area for military training, housing, equipment supply and maintenance activities. Ecological uses on site include streams and creeks, lakes, and a river. Recreational uses on site include athletic fields and sports complexes, fitness centers, playgrounds, parks, hiking trails and a marina.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 30 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 20,994 people and generated an estimated $19,422,309 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
LAKE CITY ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT (NORTHWEST LAGOON)
The 3,935-acre Lake City Army Ammunition Plant (Northwest Lagoon) Superfund site is in Independence, Missouri. A facility on site makes and tests ammunition for the U.S. Army. It opened in 1941. Past site activities contaminated groundwater, soil and surface water. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Army, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and EPA finalized a Federal Facility Agreement for the site’s cleanup in November 1989. Cleanup activities include treating groundwater and sampling for chemical migration. Other activities include placing a soil cover on open waste lagoons, removing lead-contaminated sand piles, digging up soil and putting land use restrictions in place. The U.S. Army continues to use the facility to make, store and test ammunition. The facility is the largest small-arms manufacturing plant in the world. The U.S. Army’s 325th Field Hospital also uses the area as a training facility. Ecological uses on site include a creek and several lakes and ponds.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 3 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,721 people and generated an estimated $2,051,195,266 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
ST. LOUIS AIRPORT/HAZELWOOD INTERIM STORAGE/FUTURA COATINGS CO.
The St. Louis area Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) site is located in St. Louis City and St. Louis County, Missouri. It includes two areas – the St. Louis Downtown site and the North County site. The St. Louis Downtown site includes the Mallinckrodt Chemical Plant and 63 nearby properties. From 1942 to 1957, under contracts with the U.S. government, operators processed uranium ore on site. Byproducts containing radioactive residuals went to properties near the St. Louis Airport during this same timeframe. In 1966, some of this byproduct material was moved about a half-mile northeast, to property on Latty Avenue, for interim storage. From 1977 to 1986, the U.S. Department of Energy brought more contaminated soils to the Latty Avenue properties. Residues from these operations contaminated other properties nearby as well as Coldwater Creek. Coldwater Creek flows through northern St. Louis County until it discharges into the Missouri River.
The North County site consists of the St. Louis Airport site properties and the Latty Avenue properties (including the Hazelwood Interim Storage site and the Future Coatings Company). It also includes Coldwater Creek, which extends 15 miles from the St. Louis Airport site to the Missouri River, and over 148 nearby properties located along haul routes and in the 10-year floodplain of Coldwater Creek. EPA added the North County site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manages cleanup activities. EPA provides oversight. Cleanup included soil removal and disposal. Commercial and industrial businesses, homes, and recreation areas are on site. These areas include retail stores as well as metal salvage and steel fabrication facilities. These areas also include residential properties and parks in the 10-year floodplain of Coldwater Creek, and a section of the St. Louis Riverfront Trail. Public service uses are also on site. These uses include railroad lines, bridges and part of a floodwall that protects the St. Louis area from Mississippi River floodwaters.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 81 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 8,033 people and generated an estimated $3,379,755,504 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
WELDON SPRING FORMER ARMY ORDNANCE WORKS
The Weldon Spring Former Army Ordinance Works (WSOW) Superfund site is about 30 miles west of St. Louis, Missouri. The U.S. Army built a facility on-site in 1940 to manufacture explosives for World War II. The facility operated from 1941 to 1944 and transferred to the state of Missouri and local entities after deactivation in 1945. Manufacturing practices resulted in the release of hazardous substances into soil and groundwater. Atlas Powder Company (the facility operator) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led several cleanups from 1944 to 1967. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. Cleanup activities included the excavation and incineration of contaminated soils and pipelines, as well as monitored natural attenuation of groundwater with institutional controls to restrict use and protect public health. Treated soils and construction debris were placed in the Weldon Spring Site Disposal Cell. Groundwater monitoring is ongoing. The area originally purchased by the Army now encompasses the Weldon Spring Training Area (WSTA), the August A. Busch Memorial Conservation Area and the Weldon Spring Conservation Area. Numerous residential, commercial, ecological, and recreations reuses are active on the training area and surrounding conservation areas. The site is also the location of the Weldon Spring Site Interpretive Center is a museum which hosts exhibits and educational programs about the U.S. Department of Energy and its history.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 3 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 32 people and generated an estimated $359,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
WELDON SPRING QUARRY/PLANT/PITS (USDOE/ARMY)
The Weldon Spring Quarry/Plant/Pits (USDOE/ARMY) Superfund site is in St. Charles County, Missouri. It includes two properties: the 220-acre Weldon Spring Chemical Plant and Raffinate Pit sites and the 9-acre Weldon Spring Quarry. During the 1940s, the Department of the Army built the 17,232-acre Weldon Spring Ordnance Works on site. The facility made explosives. Site activities included limestone quarrying, munitions manufacturing and uranium ore processing for the U.S. Army. These activities contaminated buildings, groundwater and soil. EPA added Weldon Spring Quarry to the National Priorities List (NPL) in July 1987. In March 1989, EPA expanded the NPL listing to include the other sites. Cleanup included cleaning and dismantling buildings, and treating groundwater, stormwater and surface water. It also included building an on-site disposal cell.
Today, the site includes Weldon Spring Quarry and the U.S. Army Reserve Weldon Spring Training Area. An Interpretive Center opened on site in 2002. It shares information about the site’s history, cleanup activities and current conditions. The center also features several native-plant gardens, such as the Jeannie Moe Memorial Garden. Walking the disposal cell stairway and taking in the panoramic view of St. Charles and St. Louis Counties is a popular activity. The site’s 150-acre native prairie is rich in flowering forbs, grasses and wildlife. In addition, a former haul road is now the Hamburg Trail. The trail links the site with neighboring Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) public lands, the Great Rivers Greenway trail network and Katy Trail State Park. Francis Howell High School and a Missouri Department of Transportation maintenance facility are also on site. Other site uses include a U.S. Army training center, the village of Weldon Spring Heights and a University of Missouri research park. In 2020, EPA recognized the site with its Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse Award. The award celebrates the site’s support of native habitat that hosts pollinators and enables conservation, understanding of native plants and education opportunities.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 3 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 32 people and generated an estimated $359,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NEBRASKA ORDNANCE PLANT (FORMER)
The 17,250-acre Nebraska Ordnance Plant (Former) Superfund site is in Mead, Nebraska. A munitions production plant operated on site from 1942 to 1956, during World War II and the Korean War. Site operations included munitions loading, assembling, packing and storage, as well as ammonium nitrate production. Decades of plant operations resulted in the contamination of soil and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. Cleanup included burning contaminated soil and groundwater pumping and treatment. Three solar arrays on the site power the site’s groundwater treatment plants. About 9,000 acres belong to the University of Nebraska. It operates an agricultural research and development center on site. The University uses groundwater for crop irrigation and livestock watering. Private pasture and crop production are on other parts of the site. The U.S. Army National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve retained about 1,000 acres for training. Other site uses include light industry, commercial businesses and homes.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 9 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 310 people and generated an estimated $40,034,968 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 8
ROCKY FLATS PLANT (USDOE)
The Rocky Flats Plant (USDOE) Superfund site is about 16 miles northwest of Denver and 10 miles south of Boulder, Colorado. It covers about 6,300 acres. The plant ran from 1952 to 1989. It was part of the United States’ nuclear weapons development system. The plant made parts for nuclear weapons using radioactive and hazardous materials. Manufacturing activities, accidental industrial fires and spills, support activities, and waste management practices contaminated soil, sediment, groundwater and surface water. The highest level of contamination and hazards were in the industrialized area at the center of the site. The facility shut down in 1989 due to environmental and safety concerns. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. Cleanup by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) included the demolition and removal of structures, the removal of low-level radioactive waste, the evaluation of hundreds of potentially contaminated environmental areas, and the cleanup of 88 of those areas. DOE leads ongoing monitoring and maintenance activities. EPA and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment provide oversight. Cleanup led to the establishment of the 5,200-acre Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge (NRW). The refuge restores and preserves native ecosystems. It also provides habitat for migratory and resident wildlife, including the federally protected Preble’s meadow jumping mouse. The site also provides recreation opportunities for surrounding communities with the Rocky Flats NRW Trails and the Rocky Mountain Greenway trail.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL (USARMY)
The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (USARMY) Superfund site covers almost 27 square miles in Adams County, Colorado. Beginning in 1942, the U.S. Army used the area to produce chemical weapons such as mustard gas, white phosphorus, napalm and sarin. After World War II, Shell Chemical Company leased parts of the site for production of pesticides. Industrial and waste disposal practices contaminated structures, soil, surface water and groundwater. By the late 1950s, apparent crop damage nearby was an indication of contaminated groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987 and signed the Nation’s second Federal Facility Agreement in 1989. Cleanup activities managed by EPA, the U.S. Army, Shell Oil Company and the state of Colorado include treatment of source-area groundwater and installation of two hazardous waste landfill caps and a number of consolidation areas with protective evapo-transpirative landfill covers. In 1992, Congress passed the Refuge Act, which designated the transfer of cleaned-up site lands for use as a wildlife refuge. As cleanup continued, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made areas of the site available to visitors for environmental education and wildlife viewing.
EPA has completed five partial deletions at the site, removing these cleaned-up areas from the NPL. These actions created opportunities for road expansions, the development of a 24-field soccer complex and music venue known as Prairie Gateway, and the expansion of the wildlife refuge. In 2011, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Wildlife Refuge Visitor Center opened. It was built using green construction techniques, including recycled pavement and reflective roofing materials to reduce the need for air conditioning. Today, the refuge hosts over 300,000 visitors each year and supports over 330 species of wildlife, including badgers, coyotes, deer, burrowing owls, bison and the highly endangered black-footed ferret.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 8 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 958 people and generated an estimated $96,183,702 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
ELLSWORTH AIR FORCE BASE
The 4,858-acre Ellsworth Air Force Base (AFB) Superfund site is an active military base located 6 miles northeast of downtown Rapid City, South Dakota, and adjacent to the City of Box Elder. Ellsworth AFB began operating in July 1942 as the Rapid City Army Air Base, a training facility for B-17 bomber crews. In 1948, as part of the 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, it became a permanent facility. Waste-generating activities at Ellsworth AFB included fuel/oil storage, aircraft and weapons maintenance, landfilling, machine shop operations, explosive ordnance disposal, and dumping activities. They resulted in contaminant releases into the environment and contaminant migration from soil to groundwater in some areas. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) started environmental investigations in 1985. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. The USAF performs all cleanup activities, and the EPA and the state of South Dakota provide regulatory oversight. Cleanup activities have included groundwater pumping and treatment, installation of landfill caps, soil excavation and natural attenuation processes to clean up contaminated soil. The USAF also ended the use of on-site wells and now relies solely on the municipal water supply. Remedy construction for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contamination finished in 1999. EPA took all surface soil, unsaturated subsurface soil, surface water, and sediment areas of the site off the NPL in partial deletions in 2006 and 2012, with routine monitoring and maintenance activities for these parts of the site ongoing. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) substances, considered emerging contaminants that threatens human health and the environment, were first detected in soil and groundwater in 2011 on-base. PFAS was first detected in private drinking water wells off-base in 2018-2019. Between 2011 and present, multiple investigations and response actions were completed or are currently in progress to further investigate, characterize, and respond to PFAS impacts. Basewide groundwater and emerging contaminant cleanup is ongoing. Ellsworth AFB remains an active military base for the 28th Bombardment Wing (B-1B bombers) and was selected as the preferred location for the initial deployment of the new stealth bomber, the B-21 Raider. Construction for that started in 2021 for the beddown. The base includes runways, airfields, munitions storage, industrial facilities, recreation fields and housing. On-site renewable energy projects, such as a solar panel array and geothermal energy systems, generate power for Ellsworth AFB.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 6 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 4,066 people and generated an estimated $2,247,054 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
HILL AIR FORCE BASE
The Hill Air Force Base Superfund site is an active U.S. Air Force base in northern Utah, about 30 miles north of Salt Lake City. Established in 1940, the base covers 6,670 acres across two counties and includes base residential housing. It is part of the Air Force Materiel Command and contains the Ogden Air Logistics Center. Dating back to World War II, the base has hosted maintenance and repair activities for many kinds of aircraft. Activities generated various wastes, including chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents and degreasers, fuels, other hydrocarbons, acids, bases and metals. Improper waste disposal and spills contaminated soil and groundwater. The base began investigating releases in 1976, when a nearby resident reported an orange discharge from a spring on his property near the base boundary. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Air Force, the state and EPA are investigating and cleaning up contamination. Since the 1990s, parties have undertaken investigations and cleanup actions, including capping landfills, treating groundwater and putting institutional controls in place. Investigations, cleanup and monitoring efforts are ongoing. The base is an active military facility and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. Hill Aerospace Museum is located on the northwest corner of the site. Initial planning for a new Interstate 15 interchange along the western edge of the site is underway.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 8 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 25,540 people and generated an estimated $2,179,186 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
OGDEN DEFENSE DEPOT (DLA)
Ogden Defense Depot, a former military installation, is located in Weber County, about 40 miles north of Salt Lake City, Utah. The former installation covered about 1,139 acres. Activated in 1941, it was a warehousing and distribution facility for medical, industrial, construction and electronic supplies, food, clothing, and petroleum products for military installations and other federal agencies. Facility activities and disposal practices contaminated soil and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Army leads the cleanup. EPA and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality provide support and oversight. Cleanup activities included contaminated soil and debris removal and groundwater treatment. In 1994, the U.S. Army completed the soil and debris cleanup. Groundwater treatment is ongoing.
In 1994, Congress approved the Ogden Defense Depot as a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Act installation. In 1997, the federal government deeded the installation to the city of Ogden. Today, the Business Depot Ogden (BDO) business park is on site. The BDO leases out units to about 60 companies. Uses at the business park include light manufacturing, warehousing, medical-laser manufacturing, rail manufacturing, medical storage and food supplement production. The Ogden Nature Center, a 152-acre nature preserve, is also on site. The preserve offers education programs, picnic areas, walking trails and birdwatching opportunities to the public.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 136 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 8,964 people and generated an estimated $532,723,396 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
TOOELE ARMY DEPOT (NORTH AREA)
The Tooele Army Depot (North Area) Superfund site is in Tooele City, 30 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah. A U.S. Army base has operated on site since the early 1940s. Ammunition storage and equipment repair at the site contaminated soil and groundwater. In 1990, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). The U.S. Army removed contaminated soil and explosives from parts of the site. The U.S. Army also built one of the country’s largest groundwater treatment plants to address groundwater contamination. Today, following cleanup, operation and maintenance activities are ongoing.
In 1996, the Army transferred 41 acres of the site to a private party for use as an engine refurbishing plant. In 1999, the U.S. Army transferred 1,700 acres of the site to Tooele City’s Redevelopment Agency under the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Early Transfer Authority. The city’s redevelopment agency then sold the area to a developer. Today, commercial and industrial businesses operate at the former base. Tooele County also operates a correctional facility on the southeast corner of the site. The U.S. Army continues to use 22,000 acres of the site for ammunition storage, maintenance and demilitarization activities.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 44 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,637 people and generated an estimated $402,575,980 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
F.E. WARREN AIR FORCE BASE
The F.E. Warren Air Force Base Superfund site covers 5,866 acres in southwest Wyoming, immediately west of Cheyenne. A U.S. Army outpost (Fort D.A. Russell) opened on site in 1867 to protect railroad workers. In 1947, the base transferred to the U.S. Air Force (USAF) and was used as a training base until 1958, when it was assigned to the Strategic Air Command. At that time, it was the first installation in the United States dedicated solely to intercontinental ballistic missiles, with the first Atlas D missiles arriving in 1959. The base has served as a cavalry outpost, a quartermaster depot and an intercontinental ballistic missile operations base. Past operations and disposal practices contaminated soil and groundwater on-base and at some adjacent private residences. In the late 1980s, the site entered the USAF Installation Restoration Program (IRP). The USAF investigated past waste management practices and the extent of contamination. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990.
The site is being addressed through federal and state actions. The USAF leads all cleanup activities. EPA and the state of Wyoming provide regulatory oversight. Cleanup activities include monitored natural attenuation, in-place chemical treatment of groundwater, landfill covers, landfill gas venting systems, removal of localized waste areas and institutional controls. At present, the base’s primary mission is to provide operational, maintenance and security support for Peacekeeper missiles and Minuteman III missiles under the Air Force Global Strike Command. Current use at the site includes airfield operation and mission support, industrial, administrative, medical, USAF personnel housing, outdoor recreation, open space, and support services for residents and workers. Recreational use of Crow Creek is permitted; picnicking, fishing and hiking take place along its banks.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 12 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 4,401 people and generated an estimated $2,056,601 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 9
WILLIAMS AIR FORCE BASE
The Williams Air Force Base Superfund site covers 4,043 acres in the eastern city limits of Mesa, Arizona. From December 1941 to September 1993, a flight training school operated on site. Discharges and disposal activities associated with base operations resulted in soil and groundwater contamination. The U.S. Department of Defense’s Installation Restoration Program documented the contamination in 1984. The EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. The U.S. Air Force led cleanup activities. EPA provided support and oversight. Cleanup activities included soil excavation and off-site disposal, installation of caps, soil vapor extraction, land-use restrictions, and long-term groundwater monitoring. Today, site uses include Phoenix-Mesa Airport and the Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus. Residential areas, a solar farm, a U.S. Army reserve center, the Toka Sticks Golf Club, flight schools, and other commercial and industrial businesses also operate on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 48 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 2,200 people and generated an estimated $475,106,498 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
ALAMEDA NAVAL AIR STATION
The 2,675-acre Alameda Naval Air Station Superfund site is located on Alameda Island, next to Alameda, California, along the eastern side of the San Francisco Bay. Now known as Alameda Point, the site is a closed U.S. Navy installation. The former installation covers about 1,560 acres of dry land and 1,115 acres of submerged land. Before a naval facility located on site in 1936, a borax processing plant, an oil refinery and an airport were there. In 1936, the U.S. Navy acquired the area. The U.S. Navy used it to provide support services to fleet aviation activities until its closure in 1997. Past operations contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil and sludges. Contamination also threatened both fresh- and salt-water wetlands. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1999. In 2001, the U.S. Navy and EPA signed a Federal Facility Agreement to investigate and clean up the site. The state signed the agreement in 2005.
To date, the U.S. Navy has completed many investigations and cleanup actions. Several investigations and cleanup actions are ongoing. A year before the air station closed, the city of Alameda adopted the Naval Air Station Alameda Community Reuse Plan to guide the conversion of the former installation to civilian use. As part of the city’s reuse planning efforts, the city of Alameda hired consultants to develop reuse plans for two areas of the site. EPA’s Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (now the Superfund Redevelopment Program) awarded the city a pilot grant for the work in 2001. Today, the former installation includes a major airfield, a deep-water port, aircraft and ship maintenance facilities, and 1,500 units of family and barracks-type housing. It also includes public facilities, including a school and a fire training department, wetlands, and industrial, retail, warehouse and recreation facilities. Additional wetlands will be created during an ecological restoration effort.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 86 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,149 people and generated an estimated $191,694,408 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
CAMP PENDLETON MARINE CORPS BASE
The 125,000-acre Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base Superfund site is on the northern edge of San Diego County in southern California. Established in 1942, the base is a training facility for the U.S. Marine Corps. It supports about 36,000 military personnel and 4,600 civilian employees. Military family housing and recreation areas occupy parts of the base. Throughout its history, operators improperly disposed of raw sewage, burned solid waste and mishandled hazardous substances. These actions contaminated areas across the site. From 1984 to 1988, the U.S. Navy assessed the base. It found soil and groundwater contaminated by decades of improper waste disposal practices. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in November 1989. From 1995 to 1997, the U.S. Marine Corps removed and treated contaminated soil. It then put in monitoring wells and a protective cap over the base’s solid waste landfills. In 2010, Kyocera Solar built a solar array on the Box Canyon Landfill. The alternative energy project generates power for the active military installation.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
CASTLE AIR FORCE BASE (6 AREAS)
The 2,777-acre Castle Air Force Base (6 Areas) Superfund site is in Merced, California. From 1941 to 1995, an air crew training facility operated on site. Initially, the U.S. Army used the base. In 1946, the U.S. Strategic Air Command assumed responsibility for the base. Aircraft maintenance, fuel management and fire training activities on the base generated waste, including fuel, oil, solvents and cleaners. U.S. Air Force personnel disposed of waste in pits at landfills around the base until 1977. U.S. Air Force personnel burned fuel and waste oil during fire training exercises on the base. These activities contaminated groundwater and soil. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987.
Cleanup included treatment of some soils, and excavation and disposal of tanks and other soils. Cleanup also included landfill cap maintenance, land use controls to prevent people from tampering with landfill caps, and ecological monitoring. Groundwater cleanup included groundwater treatment, closure of wells to prevent moving contaminated groundwater between groundwater layers, and groundwater use controls to prevent the installation of groundwater supply wells. EPA is conducting additional investigations to determine the sources and extent of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at the site.
In December 2006, complete transfer of the property occurred. The site achieved EPA’s Sitewide Ready for Anticipated Use (SWRAU) performance measure in 2007. The U.S. Air Force no longer owns property at the site. Merced County received over 1,900 acres of land, including the airfield. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, the city of Atwater and Castle Gardens Redevelopment also received land. Current and future land uses at the site include a civilian airport, educational, industrial, medical and housing facilities, recreation facilities, and a federal prison. Commercial businesses and educational organizations, including AT&T Call Center, Big Creek Lumber and University of Merced, operate on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 40 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 395 people and generated an estimated $35,376,947 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
CONCORD NAVAL WEAPONS STATION
The Concord Naval Weapons Station is a 12,800-acre area in north-central Contra Costa County, California. It includes two geographically separate areas – the Inland Area (5,170 acres) and the Tidal Area (7,630 acres). It also includes a 1-acre radiography facility in Pittsburgh, California. The Concord Naval Weapons Station opened in 1942. It is one of the oldest naval ordnance support bases on the Pacific Coast. Base activities link with activities at two U.S. Navy facilities nearby, the Mare Island Naval Shipyard and the Port Chicago Naval Ammunition Depot. Activities at the bases included loading and unloading of large quantities of weapons and equipment from ships. Base operations resulted in contamination of soil, sediment and groundwater. The U.S. Navy began environmental investigations at the site in 1982 under what would become the Installation Restoration Program (IRP). EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994.
A Defense Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) determination in 2008 closed operations at the Inland Area of the site and transferred the Tidal Area of the site to the U.S. Army. The U.S. Navy leads the Inland Area cleanup. The U.S. Army leads the Tidal Area cleanup. EPA provides federal oversight of cleanup activities and helps select remedial actions. The California Environmental Protection Agency’s Department of Toxic Substances Control and the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board act as state supporting agencies. The cleanup addresses IRP and Military Munitions Response Program (MMRP) sites. Primary contaminants at IRP sites are metals in soil and solvents in groundwater. MMRP sites addressed residual explosive and chemical hazards. The remedy for the Inland Area includes institutional controls, groundwater treatment, vapor extraction, soil gas monitoring, and soil excavation. The remedy for the Tidal Area includes landfill capping, land use restrictions and soil excavation and off-site disposal.
Today, cleanup is ongoing. The potential need for more remedial actions is also being evaluated. The Tidal Area remains a major ammunition trans-shipment port. Other site uses include commercial and industrial businesses as well as a golf course and cattle grazing.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 9 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 142 people and generated an estimated $9,795,400 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE
The Edwards Air Force Base Superfund site covers about 301,000 acres in Kern, Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties in California. The base’s primary mission is aircraft research and development. Spills and poor disposal practices released volatile organic compounds (VOCs), metals and other chemicals, contaminating site soils, surface water and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in August 1990. The U.S. Air Force entered into a Federal Facility Agreement with EPA, the Department of Toxic Substances Control and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the site’s cleanup. Cleanup actions include the removal of drums, tanks and contaminated soils, as well as groundwater and soil vapor extraction and treatment. Monitoring and reporting are ongoing. Institutional controls restrict land uses on site to industrial uses.
Edwards Air Force Base hosts U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Department of Defense and other governmental agencies, as well as private contractors working on aircraft and system development. Site uses include residential and commercial areas as well as daycare centers, schools and other educational institutions. Recreational uses include community, fitness, and youth centers, athletic fields and parks. A bowling center, a golf course, a movie theater, and a swimming pool are also on site. Ecological uses include three dry lakes, the Piute Ponds and critical habitat for the desert tortoise. Signage and other facilities on site recognize the area’s history. A solar array is on the eastern half of the base. Planning for construction of the world’s largest solar-plus-storage project on site is underway.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 19 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 9,405 people and generated an estimated $6,100,703 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EL TORO MARINE CORPS AIR STATION
The 4,700-acre El Toro Marine Corps Air Station Superfund site is in Irvine, California. From 1943 to 1945, during World War II, the station was a jet fighter training facility. Poor waste disposal practices and landfilling contributed to contamination at aircraft hangars and other areas around the site. These practices contaminated site soils and sediments. Contaminated groundwater spread onto surrounding properties. In February 1990, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) closed the station in 1999 under the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Act.
The DoD works with EPA on site cleanup. The remedy includes groundwater extraction and treatment, and direct removal of contaminant sources, including underground storage tanks. Cleanup of several areas finished. In January 2014, EPA announced the partial deletion of 1,900 acres from the NPL, about 40% of the site. The city of Irvine plans to include 700 acres of the site in a mixed-use project with recreational, residential and commercial uses. Orange County Great Park will feature community assets such as a sports complex, a golf course, pavilions and a farmer’s market. Parts of the site will be protected ecological space as a wildlife corridor. Irvine Unified School District is considering building a new high school on site. Heritage Fields El Toro, LLC bought the site’s remaining 1,200 acres. It plans to build 9,500 homes and commercial retail spaces on site.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 65 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,992 people and generated an estimated $2,638,622,121 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
FORT ORD
The Fort Ord Superfund site is near Monterey Bay in Monterey County, California, about 80 miles south of San Francisco. The site covers about 28,000 acres. From 1917 to 1994, the U.S. Army operated Fort Ord as a training and staging facility for infantry troops. Activities on the base contaminated soil and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. Munitions and explosives were also left in former training areas. The U.S. Army began investigation and cleanup activities in 1986. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. That same year, the U.S. Army signed a Federal Facility Agreement with EPA and the state of California to investigate and cleanup the site. The Fort Ord Reuse Authority is also responsible for cleanup of about 3,500 acres of the site under a private cleanup effort.
Cleanup activities at the site include soil vapor and groundwater extraction and treatment, and enhanced biodegradation and monitoring of natural processes to clean up contaminated groundwater. They also include removal and capping of contaminated soils, institutional controls, and engineering controls. Areas with munitions or explosives are undergoing cleanup to make sure they are safe. In 2021, EPA deleted about 12,000 acres of the site from the NPL. The partial deletion included parts of the site with completed cleanups of military munitions and soil contamination.
Reuse at the former military base includes the Fort Ord National Monument, Fort Ord Dunes State Park, California State University’s Monterey Bay campus, the California Central Coast Veterans Cemetery and a veterans outpatient clinic. Other reuses include a municipal airport, a public golf course, parks and recreation areas, a retail center, educational and municipal facilities, and residential areas. Fort Ord National Monument covers nearly 15,000 acres of the site. Established in 2012, it has more than 86 miles of trails for hiking, biking and horseback riding. It also supports a variety of plant and animal life in unique and diverse habitats. These habitats include streams, grasslands, maritime chaparral, oak woodlands and seasonal pools. The U.S. Army continues to own and operate the Ord Military Community on part of the site. It provides housing and a full set of support services for U.S. Army personnel. EPA recognized the efforts of site stakeholders with its National Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse Award in 2020. The reuse of the large site has spurred new job and housing opportunities and economic growth across the Monterey Bay region.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 117 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 2,744 people and generated an estimated $204,595,845 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
MCCLELLAN AIR FORCE BASE (GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION)
The McClellan Air Force Base (Ground Water Contamination) site covers about 3,000 acres of land near Sacramento, California. From 1936 to 2001, base operations included maintenance and operation of aircraft and communication systems. The U.S. Department of Defense began investigating the site under its Installation Restoration Program in 1981, shortly after discovering groundwater contamination in site wells. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987.
The U.S. Air Force is responsible for investigation and cleanup of much of the site under a Federal Facilities Agreement. To expedite redevelopment after base closure, site stakeholders negotiated early property transfer projects with privatized cleanup. Site stakeholders included Sacramento County, the U.S. Air Force, EPA, state and local agencies, and McClellan Business Park, a developer. Under the agreement, McClellan Business Park assumed responsibility for cleanup of its privately owned property. EPA and California EPA provided support and oversight.
Cleanup at the site includes groundwater pumping and treatment. It also includes removal of contaminated soil, protective capping, institutional controls and long-term monitoring. Soil vapor extraction was completed in 2021. The site is now home to McClellan Business Park. The business park has more than 8 million square feet of office, industrial, retail, residential, airport, rail and hotel space. It is home to more than 200 tenants. The 20-acre Freedom Park on site offers recreation opportunities for the community. It includes a playground, a splash pad, picnic areas, basketball court and other amenities. In 2018, EPA recognized the efforts of site stakeholders with its National Federal Facility Excellence in Site Reuse Award, celebrating the site’s transformation into a successful business park.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 138 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 3,797 people and generated an estimated $776,987,199 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
MOFFETT FIELD NAVAL AIR STATION
The Moffett Field Naval Air Station (NAS) Superfund site is located 35 miles south of San Francisco, California, near San Francisco Bay. Commissioned in 1933, the air station eventually became the largest naval air transport base on the West Coast. From the end of World War II until its closure, Moffett Field hosted several generations of anti-submarine warfare and maritime patrol aircraft. Naval operations involved the on-site disposal of solvents and sludges into ponds and landfills and directly onto the ground, which contaminated soil and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. The U.S. Navy signed a Federal Facility Agreement with EPA and the state in 1990 to investigate and clean up the site. Cleanup and monitoring are ongoing.
In July 1994, the federal government closed NAS Moffett Field and turned over the facility to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center. Housing areas were transferred to the U.S. Air Force, and then to the U.S. Army. The U.S. Army owns the Wescoat Housing Area and former Orion Park Housing Area. The Wescoat Housing Area hosts homes built in 2005 (Wescoat Village). Thirty acres of the former 77-acre Orion Park Area is now an Armed Forces Reserve Center, which includes the U.S. Army Reserve 63rd Regional Support Command Headquarters building and associated support facilities. NASA Ames Research Center, an airfield and a large master-planned area known as NASA Research Park (NRP) are located on the former NAS Moffett Field. NASA also has tenant agreements with entities that occupy buildings on site. In addition, NASA entered into a lease agreement in 2014 with Planetary Ventures, LLC (a subsidiary of Google, Inc) for 1000 acres of gross land area within NAS Moffett Field (known as Moffett Federal Airfield (MFA) Leasehold).
The NRP is the result of a public-private partnership. It is a campus for world-class research and development and technology acceleration. Its ongoing development is the result of collaboration among technology companies, academia, nonprofits and government agencies. There are also plans to develop about 2,000 more housing units and EPA is currently negotiating a Prospective Lessee Agreement with Mountain View Housing Ventures LLC (MVHV). It will likely be finalized prior to MVHV taking possession of the property in November 2022. The NRP also hosts a museum dedicated to the history of Moffett Field and the Shenandoah Plaza National Historic District. While some former airfield buildings have been demolished, other historic structures will be preserved, including former Hangar One. Google’s Bay View Campus, near completion within NASA Ames Research Center, will rely on solar and geothermal energy.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 32 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 6,326 people and generated an estimated $5,989,383,267 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
NORTON AIR FORCE BASE (LNDFLL #2)
The 2,165-acre Norton Air Force Base (Lndfll #2) Superfund site is a former U.S. Air Force base about 65 miles east of Los Angeles, California. The base opened in 1942. It was a major overhaul center for jet engines and general aircraft repair. Past hazardous material management practices contaminated groundwater and soil with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, heavy metals, solvents and acids. Contaminated groundwater affected several public drinking water wells. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987. In 1989, the U.S. Air Force, EPA and the state signed a Federal Facility Agreement for the site’s cleanup. Cleanup activities included groundwater and soil treatment. Groundwater monitoring was discontinued in 2018. The U.S. Air Force removed lead-contaminated soils near a former small arms range in 2019. Institutional controls limit residential land use in certain areas. Additional institutional controls are being developed to prevent exposure to vapor intrusion in three areas. The Air Force is planning additional work to investigate per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in soil and groundwater throughout former Norton AFB.
After the base’s closure in 1994, the U.S. Air Force Real Property Agency transferred the base property to local entities for reuse. Today, site uses include San Bernardino International Airport, aircraft maintenance, cargo handling and warehousing facilities, and an office park. The asphalt cap of a former U.S. Air Force landfill is now a parking area for large trucks with business at the airport. The Inland Valley Development Agency and San Bernardino International Airport Authority manage site redevelopment. Other site uses include large warehouse distribution centers used by retail corporations. A $2.8 million solar project is located in the parking lot of San Bernardino International Airport. The solar array consists of 336 solar panels distributed across eight modular structures. It helps offset airport utility costs. Recreational uses on site include a little league club, a gymnasium and fitness center, and a YMCA. Ecological areas on site include the Santa Ana River, streams, and critical habitat for the Santa Ana sucker and the San Bernardino Merriam's kangaroo rat.
As of December 2023, EPA did not have economic data related to on-site businesses, or economic data were not applicable due to site use. For additional information click here.
RIVERBANK ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
The 173-acre Riverbank Army Ammunition Plant (RBAAP) facility is in Riverbank, California. The site includes production and support buildings. The Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) originally built the RBAAP in 1942. It was an aluminum reduction plant that supplied the military. In 1951, the plant became a government-owned, contractor-operated installation. It produced steel cartridge cases until 2010. Decades of industrial activities contaminated site groundwater, sediment and soil. Contaminants include heavy metals, chromium and cyanide. Investigations also found contamination in treatment pond sediment. In 1989, the U.S. Army supplied nearby residents with bottled water after sampling found chromium in domestic water wells off site. The U.S. Army supplied an alternative water supply to residents until the public water system was extended west of the RBAAP. Residents do not use the groundwater for drinking.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. In 1993, the U.S. Army removed contaminated sediments from the treatment ponds. The U.S. Army disposed of the sediments off site. The site’s 1994 cleanup plan involved pumping and treating of groundwater and the stabilization, capping and monitoring of the landfill on site. The site was put on the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) list in 2005. The BRAC Commission recommended the base’s closure and transfer of its functions to Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois. The Riverbank Local Redevelopment Authority would be responsible for the site’s long-term stewardship. The land ownership transfer started in 2017. Today, the Riverbank Industrial Complex at the site hosts industrial businesses. It has space available to lease.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 21 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 142 people and generated an estimated $23,560,070 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
SACRAMENTO ARMY DEPOT
The Sacramento Army Depot is a 485-acre former military base located 7 miles southeast of downtown Sacramento, California. The depot was a U.S. Army support facility, specializing in electro-optics equipment repair, emergency manufacturing of parts, and metal plating, treatment and painting. From 1947 to 1972, workers burned paint sludges, oil, grease, trash, solvents and other industrial wastes in burn pits on site. Workers also disposed of materials in a 1,000-gallon underground storage tank. These activities contaminated groundwater and surface soils. In 1986, the U.S. Army removed the underground storage tank. In 1987, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL).
In 1988, the U.S. Army signed an agreement with EPA and the state to investigate and clean up the site. The depot officially closed in 1995. The U.S. Army completed soil cleanup in 1998 and began treating groundwater by 2003. Site operation and maintenance activities are ongoing. They include long-term monitoring of groundwater and operation and maintenance of a Corrective Action Management Unit (CAMU). Institutional controls restricting groundwater use are in place. In 2000, a private company began turning the depot into a business park and renovated all of the buildings. Known today as Depot Park, the business park is home to a variety of companies and organizations that provide jobs and strengthen the local economy. Tenants of Depot Park include Airco Mechanical, Ferguson, Total Service Logistics, Habitat for Humanity, and other businesses and organizations.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 47 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 1,053 people and generated an estimated $244,938,906 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
PEARL HARBOR NAVAL COMPLEX
The Pearl Harbor Naval Complex Superfund site is about 10 miles west of Honolulu on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. Naval Station Pearl Harbor opened at the site in 1908. The facility grew over the following decades, as the harbor expanded to accommodate the U.S. Navy’s large ships. In 1940, the U.S. Pacific Fleet arrived in Pearl Harbor to deter Japan during World War II. After World War II, the facility remained the home of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, which provided support during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Military activities over the years contaminated soil, sediment, and groundwater. The site’s initial assessment took place in 1986 after the discovery of contamination. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1992. Cleanup activities have included dredging and disposal of contaminated sediment, excavation and off-site disposal of contaminated soils, soil vapor extraction, removal of pipes and contaminated infrastructure, and land use controls. Site investigation and cleanup efforts are ongoing. There are no immediate threats to human health or the environment. In 2010, Naval Station Pearl Harbor joined with Hickam Air Force Base and became Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 203 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 56,490 people and generated an estimated $567,522,411 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
EPA Region 10
ADAK NAVAL AIR STATION
The 76,000-acre Adak Naval Air Station (NAS) Superfund site is located on Adak Island, near the western end of Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. U.S. military forces used the area as a key operations and supply location beginning in the early 1940s. Over 40 years, operators disposed of hazardous substances on the island. Disposal areas included landfills, storage areas, drum disposal areas, spill sites, and pits for waste oil and fire-fighting training. Petroleum, solvents, batteries, transformer oils and unexploded explosive weapons that pose a risk of detonation and pesticides are some of the hazardous materials at the site. In 1993, the U.S. Navy agreed to clean it up. EPA added it to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. Cleanup activities included the removal of hazardous materials, capping of historic landfills, and treatment of contaminated groundwater and soil. Cleanup is ongoing.
The island is a federally designated wilderness area and is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. A wide variety of marine mammals and birds live in near-shore areas. Officials allow access to remote areas, but restrictions are necessary due to the potential presence of undetonated explosive weapons. About 50 to 100 people live on the island. Inhabitants use the area for hunting, fishing and recreation. Commercial fish processing and tourism bring visitors to the island. In 2004, the federal government transferred 71,171 acres of the site from the U.S. Navy to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The USFWS then exchanged 47,000 acres with the Aleut Corporation for other lands in the Aleutian Islands. The exchange provided the company with a city, including a downtown area, housing units and industrial facilities, for reuse. In return, the Aleut Corporation transferred high-quality marine bird habitat to the USFWS for management within the refuge. The Alaska Department of Transportation received about 2,000 acres, including an airfield and support buildings, and is responsible for airport operations. The Adak Reuse Corporation is marketing the island to commercial fishing fleets and other businesses in the area.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 8 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 58 people and generated an estimated $4,167,803 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
ELMENDORF AIR FORCE BASE
The Elmendorf Air Force Base Superfund site covers about 13,130 acres in Anchorage, Alaska. More than half of the site is undeveloped, including 1,416 acres of wetlands, lakes and ponds. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) developed the remaining area for airfield operations, base-support operations, housing and recreation facilities. Beginning in the mid-1940s, operations at the base generated hazardous and non-hazardous wastes from industrial and airfield operations, fire training and fuels management. These operations contaminated soil and groundwater. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. The U.S. Army signed a Federal Facilities Agreement with EPA and the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation in 1991 to address site contamination. Cleanup activities include removal of contaminated soil and debris, institutional controls, monitoring of contaminated groundwater, and a constructed wetland treatment cell and in-place bioventing. Cleanup is ongoing. In 2010, the federal government administratively merged the base with Fort Richardson to become Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson under the command of the USAF's 673rd Air Base Wing. Joint base activities at the site are ongoing.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 42 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 8,563 people and generated an estimated $14,229,280 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
FORT RICHARDSON (USARMY)
The Fort Richardson (USARMY) Superfund site is in Anchorage, Alaska. Built in 1940, Fort Richardson occupies a 56,000-acre area. Anchorage, Elmendorf Air Force Base, the Knik Arm of Cook Inlet, Chugach State Park and undeveloped lands surround the site. Fort practices contaminated soil, sludge, groundwater and surface water. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994. The U.S. Army signed a Federal Facilities Agreement with EPA and the state in 1994 to address contamination. The site was divided into five work areas, or operable units, to better address contamination. The U.S. Army has undertaken early actions at many of the areas. One of them, the Eagle River Flats area, includes 2,500 acres of wetlands associated with the Eagle River delta. White phosphorous contaminated the wetlands, killing waterfowl during spring and fall migrations. Cleanup of the white phosphorus reduced mortality of the migrating waterfowl population to less than 1%.
Cleanup and long-term monitoring are ongoing. In 2010, the federal government administratively merged Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson into Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson under the command of the U.S. Air Force's 673rd Air Base Wing. The fort’s current purpose is to manage U.S. Army forces in Alaska. It provides services, facilities and infrastructure to support and train rapid deployment forces from Alaska to the Pacific theater. The Nike Site Summit, a decommissioned missile storage installation, overlooks Fort Richardson and is on the National Historical Register. The site was restored and is open for public tours.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 18 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 8,292 people and generated an estimated $5,821,460 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
STANDARD STEEL & METALS SALVAGE YARD (USDOT)
The 6.2-acre Standard Steel & Metal Salvage Yard (USDOT) Superfund site is in Anchorage, Alaska. The site is part of an industrialized area of the city along the north side of lower Ship Creek. The Federal Railroad Administration, part of the U.S. Department of Transportation, acquired the land in the 1920s. Metal recyclers and salvage operators used the site from the mid-1950s to 1993. These activities contaminated soil and groundwater. In 1990, EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL). Cleanup included removing some of the surface waste and treating, solidifying, and covering the rest of the waste with a cap. After cleanup, EPA took the site off the NPL in 2002. The Alaska Railroad Corporation, the site owner, leases most of the site to Central Recycling Services, Inc. The company operates a construction and demolition recycling business on the cap.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on one on-site business. This business employed 14 people and generated an estimated $229,020 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.
OLD NAVY DUMP/MANCHESTER LABORATORY (USEPA/NOAA)
The Old Navy Dump/Manchester Laboratory (USEPA/NOAA) Superfund site is north of Manchester, Washington, along the western shore of Clam Bay in Puget Sound. The U.S. Army acquired the site in 1898 and transferred it to the U.S. Navy in 1924. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the U.S. Navy used the area for construction, repair, maintenance and storage of submarine nets and boats, firefighter training, and as a dumping ground for waste generated on-site. In the early 1970s, EPA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) acquired parts of the site property. Former firefighter training activities contaminated soil, and the U.S. Navy’s dumping of demolition debris and industrial waste contaminated soil, sediment, seep water and shellfish in Clam Bay. The contamination was found in 1987. EPA, NOAA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) led initial investigations along with an underground storage tank (UST) removal. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1994.
Cleanup activities included removal of contaminated soil and structures, construction of a landfill cap and shoreline protection system, and restoration of natural sediment health. Remedy construction finished in 2002. The site achieved EPA’s Sitewide Ready for Anticipated Reuse measure in 2010. Long-term monitoring is ongoing. Investigations begun in 2021 are continuing into the nature and extent of firefighting training derived PFAS. Current site uses include an EPA laboratory and a NOAA fisheries research laboratory. Parts of the former fire training area are now covered with asphalt and used for parking. Part of the site overlaps with Manchester State Park, which hosts recreation activities such as boating, fishing and hiking.
As of December 2023, EPA had data on 2 on-site businesses. These businesses employed 55 people and generated an estimated $940,000 in annual sales revenue. For additional information click here.