Climate Change Indicators: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Key Points

• In 2022, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions totaled 6,343 million metric tons (14.0 trillion pounds) of carbon dioxide equivalents. This total represents a 3.0 percent decrease since 1990, down from a high of 15.2 percent above 1990 levels in 2007. The sharp decline in emissions from 2019 to 2020 was largely due to the impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on travel and economic activity. Emissions increased from 2020 to 2022 by 5.7 percent, driven largely by an increase in carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion due to economic activity rebounding after the height of the pandemic (Figure 1).
• For the United States, during the period from 1990 to 2022 (Figure 1):
  • Emissions of carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activities, decreased by 2 percent.
  • Methane emissions decreased by 19 percent, as reduced emissions from landfills, coal mines, and natural gas systems more than offset increases in emissions from activities such as livestock production.¹
  • Nitrous oxide emissions, predominantly from agricultural soil management practices such as the use of nitrogen as a fertilizer, decreased by 5 percent.
  • Emissions of fluorinated gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride), released as a result of commercial, industrial, and household uses, increased by 58 percent.
• Among the various sectors of the U.S. economy, transportation accounts for the largest share—28.4 percent—of 2022 emissions. Transportation has been the largest contributing sector since 2017. Electric power (power plants) accounts for the next largest share of 2022 emissions, accounting for approximately 25 percent of emissions. Electric power has historically been the largest sector, accounting for 30 percent of emissions since 1990 (Figure 2).
• Removals from sinks, the opposite of emissions from sources, absorb or sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In 2022, 13 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions were offset by net sinks resulting from land use and forestry practices (Figure 2). One major sink is the net growth of forests, including urban trees, which remove carbon from the atmosphere. Other carbon sinks are associated with how people manage and use the land, including the practice of depositing yard trimmings and food scraps in landfills. While the land use, land-use change, and forestry category represents an overall net sink of carbon dioxide in the United States, this category also includes emission sources resulting from activities such as wildfires, converting land to cropland, and emissions from flooded lands such as reservoirs.
• Emissions increased at about the same rate as the population from 1990 to 2007, which caused emissions per capita to remain fairly level (Figure 3). Total emissions and emissions per capita declined from 2007 to 2009, due in part to a drop in U.S. economic production during this time. Emissions decreased again from 2010 to 2012 and continued downward largely due to the growing use of natural gas and renewables to generate electricity in place of more carbon-intensive fuels.¹
• From 1990 to 2022, greenhouse gas emissions per dollar of goods and services produced by the U.S. economy (the gross domestic product or GDP) declined by 55 percent (Figure 3). This change may reflect a combination of increased energy efficiency and structural changes in the economy.

Background

A number of factors influence the quantities of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, including economic activity, population, consumption patterns, energy prices, land use, and technology. There are several ways to track these emissions, such as by measuring emissions directly, calculating emissions based on the amount of fuel that people burn, and estimating other activities and their associated emissions. EPA has two key programs that provide data on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States: the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks and the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. See “Sources of Data on U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions” to learn more about these programs.

About the Indicator

This indicator focuses on emissions and removals of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and several fluorinated gases—all important greenhouse gases that are influenced by human activities. These particular gases are covered under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the more recent Paris Agreement, which are international agreements that require participating countries to develop and regularly submit an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. Data and analysis for this indicator come from EPA’s annual inventory submission, the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2022.¹ This indicator is restricted to emissions and removals associated with human activities. It starts in 1990, which is a common base year for global agreements to track and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Each greenhouse gas has a different lifetime (how long it stays in the atmosphere) and a different ability to trap heat in our atmosphere. To allow different gases to be compared and added together, emissions are converted into carbon dioxide equivalents. This step uses each gas’s 100-year global warming potential, which measures how much a given amount of the gas is estimated to contribute to global warming over a period of 100 years after being emitted. Carbon dioxide is assigned a global warming potential equal to 1. This analysis uses global warming potentials from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) Fifth Assessment Report. In that report, methane has a global warming potential of 28, which means a ton of methane emissions contributes 28 times as much warming as a ton of carbon dioxide emissions over 100 years, and that ton of methane emissions is therefore equal to 28 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents. For additional perspective, this indicator also shows greenhouse gas emissions in relation to economic output and population.

About the Data

Indicator Notes

While this indicator includes the major greenhouse gases emitted by human activities, it does not include other greenhouse gases and substances that are not covered under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement but that still affect the Earth’s energy balance and climate (see the Climate Forcing indicator for more details). For example, this indicator excludes ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which have high global warming potentials, as these gases have been or are currently being phased out under an international agreement called the Montreal Protocol. This indicator also excludes black carbon and aerosols, which most greenhouse gas emissions inventories do not cover. While there are many natural greenhouse gas emissions sources, this indicator focuses on emissions that are associated with human activities—those that are most responsible for the observed buildup of these gases in our atmosphere. Although the land use, land-use change, and forestry emission estimates include emissions and sinks from unmanaged lands due to forest growth, fires, and other factors, this indicator does not include other natural sources such as methane emissions from unmanaged wetlands.

Data Sources

Data for this indicator came from EPA’s Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2022. This report is available online at: www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks. The calculations in Figure 3 are based on GDP and population data provided by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the U.S. Census, respectively.

Technical Documentation

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References

¹ U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2024). Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2022 (EPA 430-R-24-004). www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2022